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AP European History Flashcards: Age Of Reformation Wars Of Religion
Study Age Of Reformation Wars Of Religion in AP European History with focused flashcards that help you recognize the idea, recall the key rule, and apply it in practice-style prompts.
AP European History
Age Of Reformation Wars Of Religion
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Identify the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.
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ANSWER
Treaty of Westphalia. Established the principle of state sovereignty in European politics.
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Flashcard 1: Identify the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.
Answer: Treaty of Westphalia. Established the principle of state sovereignty in European politics.
Flashcard 2: Which English monarch broke with the Catholic Church in 1534?
Answer: Henry VIII. Sought annulment from Rome to marry Anne Boleyn and produce a male heir.
Flashcard 3: What event began the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Answer: Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's critique of indulgences sparked the Protestant movement.
Flashcard 4: Name the 16th-century movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church and combat Protestant growth.
Answer: Counter-Reformation. Catholic Church's organized response to Protestant Reformation challenges.
Flashcard 5: What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
Answer: To clarify Catholic doctrine and reform church practices. Ecumenical council that defined Catholic teachings against Protestant theology.
Flashcard 6: Identify the ruler known for the Spanish Armada's failed invasion of England.
Answer: Philip II of Spain. Attempted to restore Catholic rule in Protestant England in 1588.
Flashcard 7: Identify the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther.
Answer: Pope Leo X. Medici pope who initially underestimated the threat of Lutheran reform.
Flashcard 8: Which religious group was targeted during the Spanish Inquisition?
Answer: Protestants and other non-Catholics. Conversos, Moriscos, and suspected heretics faced persecution and trials.
Flashcard 9: Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the early Reformation period?
Answer: Charles V. Habsburg ruler who faced Luther at the Diet of Worms.
Flashcard 10: Identify the French king who converted to Catholicism to strengthen his rule.
Answer: Henry IV. Converted from Protestantism, declaring 'Paris is worth a Mass.'
Flashcard 11: What was the political impact of the Peace of Westphalia?
Answer: Marked the rise of state sovereignty. Ended religious justifications for war and strengthened secular authority.
Flashcard 12: Identify the 1559 religious settlement that established the Church of England's doctrines.
Answer: Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Elizabeth I's compromise between Catholic and Protestant practices.
Flashcard 13: Which doctrine was central to the theology of the Lutheran Church?
Answer: Justification by faith alone. Salvation depends on faith, not good works or papal authority.
Flashcard 14: What was a major consequence of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Answer: Intensified the French Wars of Religion. Radicalized Catholic-Protestant tensions and prolonged religious warfare.
Flashcard 15: Which English monarch broke with the Catholic Church in 1534?
Answer: Henry VIII. Sought annulment from Rome to marry Anne Boleyn and produce a male heir.
Flashcard 16: What was the primary purpose of the Inquisition during the Reformation?
Answer: To combat heresy and enforce Catholic doctrine. Spanish tribunal used to maintain religious orthodoxy and political control.
Flashcard 17: Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the early Reformation period?
Answer: Charles V. Habsburg ruler who faced Luther at the Diet of Worms.
Flashcard 18: What was the primary purpose of the Inquisition during the Reformation?
Answer: To combat heresy and enforce Catholic doctrine. Spanish tribunal used to maintain religious orthodoxy and political control.
Flashcard 19: Which 1534 act declared Henry VIII the head of the Church of England?
Answer: Act of Supremacy. Established royal supremacy over English church instead of papal authority.
Flashcard 20: What was the significance of the Diet of Worms (1521)?
Answer: Luther refused to recant his teachings. Luther's defiant stand against imperial and papal authority.
Flashcard 21: Which edict, issued in 1598, granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France?
Answer: Edict of Nantes. Henry IV granted religious freedom to end the French Wars of Religion.
Flashcard 22: Which religious group did the Treaty of Westphalia recognize?
Answer: Calvinists. Extended religious recognition beyond just Lutherans and Catholics.
Flashcard 23: Which reformation leader translated the Bible into German?
Answer: Martin Luther. Made scripture accessible to common people in their vernacular language.
Flashcard 24: What was the main cause of the French Wars of Religion?
Answer: Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots. Religious divisions between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots.
Flashcard 25: What was the political impact of the Peace of Westphalia?
Answer: Marked the rise of state sovereignty. Ended religious justifications for war and strengthened secular authority.
Flashcard 26: What was the main goal of the Counter-Reformation?
Answer: To reform the Catholic Church and counter Protestantism. Catholic response to halt Protestant expansion and clarify doctrine.
Flashcard 27: Which reformer is associated with the doctrine of 'justification by faith alone'?
Answer: Martin Luther. Salvation through faith alone, not good works or church sacraments.
Flashcard 28: What role did indulgences play in sparking the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: Their sale was criticized by reformers like Martin Luther. Luther condemned the practice as corrupting salvation through payment.
Flashcard 29: What role did indulgences play in sparking the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: Their sale was criticized by reformers like Martin Luther. Luther condemned the practice as corrupting salvation through payment.
Flashcard 30: What was the primary theological belief of Calvinism?
Answer: Predestination. Calvin taught that God predetermined who would achieve salvation.
Flashcard 31: Which 1534 act declared Henry VIII the head of the Church of England?
Answer: Act of Supremacy. Established royal supremacy over English church instead of papal authority.
Flashcard 32: What term describes the Catholic Church's efforts to reform itself in response to Protestantism?
Answer: Counter-Reformation. Catholic revival movement to strengthen the church against Protestant challenges.
Flashcard 33: Name the religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
Answer: The Jesuits. Founded in 1540 to spread Catholic education and missionary work.
Flashcard 34: What was a direct consequence of the Edict of Worms (1521)?
Answer: Luther was declared an outlaw and his works were banned. Charles V condemned Luther as a heretic and enemy of the empire.
Flashcard 35: Which religious group was targeted during the Spanish Inquisition?
Answer: Protestants and other non-Catholics. Conversos, Moriscos, and suspected heretics faced persecution and trials.
Flashcard 36: Identify the ruler known for the Spanish Armada's failed invasion of England.
Answer: Philip II of Spain. Attempted to restore Catholic rule in Protestant England in 1588.
Flashcard 37: What was a direct consequence of the Edict of Worms (1521)?
Answer: Luther was declared an outlaw and his works were banned. Charles V condemned Luther as a heretic and enemy of the empire.
Flashcard 38: Name the 16th-century movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church and combat Protestant growth.
Answer: Counter-Reformation. Catholic Church's organized response to Protestant Reformation challenges.
Flashcard 39: What was the main outcome of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
Answer: Allowed German princes to choose their state's religion. Established religious autonomy for German territories within the Empire.
Flashcard 40: What was a major consequence of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Answer: Intensified the French Wars of Religion. Radicalized Catholic-Protestant tensions and prolonged religious warfare.
Flashcard 41: What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
Answer: To clarify Catholic doctrine and reform church practices. Ecumenical council that defined Catholic teachings against Protestant theology.
Flashcard 42: Which treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars?
Answer: Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. 1559 agreement ended Habsburg-Valois rivalry over Italian territories.
Flashcard 43: Which 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose their state's religion?
Answer: Peace of Augsburg. Established 'cuius regio, eius religio' principle in the Holy Roman Empire.
Flashcard 44: Which doctrine was central to the theology of the Lutheran Church?
Answer: Justification by faith alone. Salvation depends on faith, not good works or papal authority.
Flashcard 45: Name the Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich.
Answer: Huldrych Zwingli. Contemporary of Luther who emphasized scriptural authority over tradition.
Flashcard 46: Identify the 1572 massacre of Huguenots in France.
Answer: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Catherine de' Medici ordered the killing of Protestant leaders in Paris.
Flashcard 47: Identify the French king who converted to Catholicism to strengthen his rule.
Answer: Henry IV. Converted from Protestantism, declaring 'Paris is worth a Mass.'
Flashcard 48: What event began the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Answer: Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's critique of indulgences sparked the Protestant movement.
Flashcard 49: What was the main goal of the Counter-Reformation?
Answer: To reform the Catholic Church and counter Protestantism. Catholic response to halt Protestant expansion and clarify doctrine.
Flashcard 50: What was the primary impact of the Peace of Westphalia on Europe?
Answer: It marked the end of large-scale religious wars in Europe. Shifted focus from religious to political conflicts in European diplomacy.
Flashcard 51: Which 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose their state's religion?
Answer: Peace of Augsburg. Established 'cuius regio, eius religio' principle in the Holy Roman Empire.
Flashcard 52: What was the significance of the Diet of Worms (1521)?
Answer: Luther refused to recant his teachings. Luther's defiant stand against imperial and papal authority.
Flashcard 53: What was the primary impact of the Peace of Westphalia on Europe?
Answer: It marked the end of large-scale religious wars in Europe. Shifted focus from religious to political conflicts in European diplomacy.
Flashcard 54: Name the Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich.
Answer: Huldrych Zwingli. Contemporary of Luther who emphasized scriptural authority over tradition.
Flashcard 55: Name the religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
Answer: The Jesuits. Founded in 1540 to spread Catholic education and missionary work.
Flashcard 56: Identify the 1559 religious settlement that established the Church of England's doctrines.
Answer: Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Elizabeth I's compromise between Catholic and Protestant practices.
Flashcard 57: What was the primary goal of the Schmalkaldic League?
Answer: To defend Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire. Military alliance formed in 1531 to protect Lutheran principalities.
Flashcard 58: Which reformer is associated with the doctrine of 'justification by faith alone'?
Answer: Martin Luther. Salvation through faith alone, not good works or church sacraments.
Flashcard 59: Identify the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.
Answer: Treaty of Westphalia. Established the principle of state sovereignty in European politics.
Flashcard 60: What term describes the Catholic Church's efforts to reform itself in response to Protestantism?
Answer: Counter-Reformation. Catholic revival movement to strengthen the church against Protestant challenges.
Flashcard 61: What was the primary theological belief of Calvinism?
Answer: Predestination. Calvin taught that God predetermined who would achieve salvation.
Flashcard 62: Which edict, issued in 1598, granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France?
Answer: Edict of Nantes. Henry IV granted religious freedom to end the French Wars of Religion.
Flashcard 63: What was the main cause of the French Wars of Religion?
Answer: Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots. Religious divisions between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots.
Flashcard 64: Identify the 1572 massacre of Huguenots in France.
Answer: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Catherine de' Medici ordered the killing of Protestant leaders in Paris.
Flashcard 65: What was the main outcome of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
Answer: Allowed German princes to choose their state's religion. Established religious autonomy for German territories within the Empire.