AP European History Flashcards: Institutional Responses And Reform

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Institutional Responses And Reform, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP European History.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

Answer: Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. Papal mediation established colonial spheres of influence.

Flashcard 2: What was the main focus of the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

Answer: To establish peace and punish Germany after WWI. Imposed harsh reparations leading to German resentment.

Flashcard 3: Which event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?

Answer: Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. Challenged papal authority and sparked religious revolution.

Flashcard 4: Identify one key outcome of the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

Answer: It ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized state sovereignty. Established principle of cuius regio, eius religio in international law.

Flashcard 5: What reform did the Third Republic in France (1870-1940) introduce?

Answer: Established a stable republican government. Established parliamentary democracy after Napoleon III's defeat.

Flashcard 6: What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)?

Answer: To renounce war as a means of resolving international disputes. Idealistic attempt at outlawing war through international agreement.

Flashcard 7: What was the main purpose of the Glorious Revolution (1688)?

Answer: To replace James II with William and Mary and limit royal power. Bloodless revolution establishing parliamentary supremacy over monarchy.

Flashcard 8: Identify a key feature of the Treaty of Nice (2001).

Answer: Reformed EU institutions to accommodate enlargement. Prepared EU institutions for eastern enlargement.

Flashcard 9: What was the main objective of the Treaty of Paris (1951)?

Answer: To establish the European Coal and Steel Community. Created first European supranational institution.

Flashcard 10: What was the Edict of Nantes (1598) intended to achieve?

Answer: It granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France. Henry IV's compromise to end French Wars of Religion.

Flashcard 11: What was the aim of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?

Answer: To increase transparency and freedom of information in the USSR. Policy of openness challenging Soviet authoritarian control.

Flashcard 12: Which institution was established by the Treaty of Rome (1957)?

Answer: The European Economic Community (EEC). Foundation for European economic integration and common market.

Flashcard 13: What was the main purpose of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?

Answer: To end the War of Spanish Succession and balance power. Prevented Habsburg dominance through territorial redistribution.

Flashcard 14: What was the main goal of the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?

Answer: To create the European Union and establish a single currency. Deepened integration beyond economic cooperation to political union.

Flashcard 15: What was the primary goal of the Marshall Plan (1948)?

Answer: To rebuild European economies post-WWII. US economic aid strengthening Western Europe against communism.

Flashcard 16: What reform did the October Manifesto (1905) introduce in Russia?

Answer: It promised a constitutional government and established the Duma. Nicholas II's response to 1905 Revolution pressure.

Flashcard 17: Which institution was established by the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?

Answer: The European Union (EU). Created common currency and deeper political integration.

Flashcard 18: What was a primary objective of the Zollverein (1834)?

Answer: To create a customs union among German states. Economic foundation for German unification under Prussian leadership.

Flashcard 19: What was the primary goal of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?

Answer: To address issues of church reform and clarify Catholic doctrine. Responded to Protestant Reformation challenges with doctrinal clarifications.

Flashcard 20: What was the main focus of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)?

Answer: Church reform and codification of Christian doctrine. Strengthened papal authority and defined religious obligations.

Flashcard 21: What was the significance of the Magna Carta (1215)?

Answer: Limited royal power and asserted noble rights. Established principle of limited monarchy under law.

Flashcard 22: Identify a key component of the Peace of Augsburg (1555).

Answer: Allowed princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism. Established territorial principle for religious settlement.

Flashcard 23: Identify a major reform introduced by the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Answer: Modernization of church practices and increased lay participation. Reformed liturgy and emphasized social justice.

Flashcard 24: What was the significance of the Treaty of Lisbon (2007)?

Answer: It reformed EU structures and increased its efficiency. Streamlined decision-making for enlarged European Union.

Flashcard 25: What was the primary goal of the Concert of Europe (1815-1914)?

Answer: To maintain the balance of power and prevent major conflicts. Great powers collaborated to suppress revolutionary movements.

Flashcard 26: What was the significance of the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain?

Answer: It expanded the electorate and reformed parliamentary representation. First major step toward democratic representation in Britain.

Flashcard 27: What was the primary aim of the Schuman Plan (1950)?

Answer: To create the European Coal and Steel Community. First step toward European economic integration after WWII.

Flashcard 28: Identify a major reform introduced by the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Answer: Modernization of church practices and increased lay participation. Reformed liturgy and emphasized social justice.

Flashcard 29: Which event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?

Answer: Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. Challenged papal authority and sparked religious revolution.

Flashcard 30: What was the significance of the Magna Carta (1215)?

Answer: Limited royal power and asserted noble rights. Established principle of limited monarchy under law.

Flashcard 31: Identify a key feature of the Bismarckian welfare state.

Answer: Introduced social insurance programs for workers. First modern welfare state addressing industrial working conditions.

Flashcard 32: Identify one key outcome of the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

Answer: It ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized state sovereignty. Established principle of cuius regio, eius religio in international law.

Flashcard 33: What was a primary objective of the Zollverein (1834)?

Answer: To create a customs union among German states. Economic foundation for German unification under Prussian leadership.

Flashcard 34: What was the main focus of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)?

Answer: Church reform and codification of Christian doctrine. Strengthened papal authority and defined religious obligations.

Flashcard 35: What was the primary goal of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?

Answer: To address issues of church reform and clarify Catholic doctrine. Responded to Protestant Reformation challenges with doctrinal clarifications.

Flashcard 36: What was the main purpose of the Glorious Revolution (1688)?

Answer: To replace James II with William and Mary and limit royal power. Bloodless revolution establishing parliamentary supremacy over monarchy.

Flashcard 37: What was the main objective of the Treaty of Paris (1951)?

Answer: To establish the European Coal and Steel Community. Created first European supranational institution.

Flashcard 38: What was the significance of the Treaty of Lisbon (2007)?

Answer: It reformed EU structures and increased its efficiency. Streamlined decision-making for enlarged European Union.

Flashcard 39: What was the main focus of the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

Answer: To establish peace and punish Germany after WWI. Imposed harsh reparations leading to German resentment.

Flashcard 40: What was the purpose of the League of Nations (1920)?

Answer: To promote peace and prevent future wars. First international organization for collective security.

Flashcard 41: Which institution was established by the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?

Answer: The European Union (EU). Created common currency and deeper political integration.

Flashcard 42: Identify a major reform introduced by the Welfare State in Britain (1945-1951).

Answer: Creation of the National Health Service (NHS). Comprehensive social safety net from cradle to grave.

Flashcard 43: What was the primary purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

Answer: To restore balance of power in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars. Redrew European map after Napoleon's defeat.

Flashcard 44: What was the purpose of the League of Nations (1920)?

Answer: To promote peace and prevent future wars. First international organization for collective security.

Flashcard 45: What policy did the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) revoke?

Answer: The Edict of Nantes, ending religious tolerance for Huguenots. Louis XIV's persecution renewed religious conflict.

Flashcard 46: What was the significance of the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain?

Answer: It expanded the electorate and reformed parliamentary representation. First major step toward democratic representation in Britain.

Flashcard 47: What reform did the October Manifesto (1905) introduce in Russia?

Answer: It promised a constitutional government and established the Duma. Nicholas II's response to 1905 Revolution pressure.

Flashcard 48: Identify a key component of the Peace of Augsburg (1555).

Answer: Allowed princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism. Established territorial principle for religious settlement.

Flashcard 49: What policy did the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) revoke?

Answer: The Edict of Nantes, ending religious tolerance for Huguenots. Louis XIV's persecution renewed religious conflict.

Flashcard 50: What was the primary purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

Answer: To restore balance of power in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars. Redrew European map after Napoleon's defeat.

Flashcard 51: Name a major reform introduced by the Napoleonic Code (1804).

Answer: Standardized laws across France emphasizing civil rights. Influenced legal systems worldwide with secular, uniform principles.

Flashcard 52: What was the primary goal of the Marshall Plan (1948)?

Answer: To rebuild European economies post-WWII. US economic aid strengthening Western Europe against communism.

Flashcard 53: What was the main purpose of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?

Answer: To end the War of Spanish Succession and balance power. Prevented Habsburg dominance through territorial redistribution.

Flashcard 54: What was the Edict of Nantes (1598) intended to achieve?

Answer: It granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France. Henry IV's compromise to end French Wars of Religion.

Flashcard 55: Which institution was established by the Treaty of Rome (1957)?

Answer: The European Economic Community (EEC). Foundation for European economic integration and common market.

Flashcard 56: What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)?

Answer: To renounce war as a means of resolving international disputes. Idealistic attempt at outlawing war through international agreement.

Flashcard 57: Identify a key feature of the Treaty of Nice (2001).

Answer: Reformed EU institutions to accommodate enlargement. Prepared EU institutions for eastern enlargement.

Flashcard 58: Name a major reform introduced by the Napoleonic Code (1804).

Answer: Standardized laws across France emphasizing civil rights. Influenced legal systems worldwide with secular, uniform principles.

Flashcard 59: What was the aim of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?

Answer: To increase transparency and freedom of information in the USSR. Policy of openness challenging Soviet authoritarian control.

Flashcard 60: What was the primary goal of the Concert of Europe (1815-1914)?

Answer: To maintain the balance of power and prevent major conflicts. Great powers collaborated to suppress revolutionary movements.

Flashcard 61: What was the primary aim of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?

Answer: To regulate industrial production and prevent war in Europe. Pooled strategic resources to prevent Franco-German conflict.

Flashcard 62: What was the primary aim of the Schuman Plan (1950)?

Answer: To create the European Coal and Steel Community. First step toward European economic integration after WWII.

Flashcard 63: Identify a key feature of the Bismarckian welfare state.

Answer: Introduced social insurance programs for workers. First modern welfare state addressing industrial working conditions.