AP World History Modern Quiz: State Building In The Americas

What this quiz covers

This quiz focuses on State Building In The Americas, giving you a quick way to practice the rules, question types, and explanations that matter most for AP World History Modern.

How to use this quiz

Try each quiz question before looking at the correct answer. Use the explanations to review missed ideas, then come back to similar questions until the pattern feels familiar.

Question 1

1. French colonization relied more on trade networks and alliances with Indigenous groups, while Spanish rule emphasized conquest and bureaucratic administration. (correct answer)
2. French colonization immediately established vast plantation economies dependent on enslaved labor, whereas Spanish colonies avoided coerced labor systems.
3. French colonization prohibited missionary activity entirely, whereas Spanish colonization was exclusively commercial and avoided religious institutions.
4. French colonization was based on direct imperial rule through viceroys and audiencias, while Spanish colonies were decentralized and autonomous.
5. French colonization depended on extracting large quantities of silver and gold, while Spanish colonies focused mainly on the fur trade.

Explanation: French colonization in North America fundamentally differed from Spanish colonization through its reliance on trade partnerships and military alliances with Indigenous nations rather than conquest and direct administrative control. While Spain established viceroyalties, audiencias, and bureaucratic hierarchies to govern large sedentary populations, France's smaller settler population and focus on the fur trade necessitated cooperation with Indigenous peoples who controlled the resources and territories. French traders and missionaries often lived within Native communities, learned Indigenous languages, and participated in diplomatic protocols like gift exchange. This approach created a middle ground of cultural exchange and mutual dependence, contrasting sharply with Spanish America's hierarchical system of tribute extraction and forced labor. The French model's emphasis on negotiation over domination reflected both practical limitations (fewer colonists) and economic priorities (fur trade requiring Indigenous expertise).

Question 2

1. Mita labor obligations requiring communities to provide rotating service for public works and state needs, strengthening imperial control and integration. (correct answer)
2. Chattel slavery based on plantation monoculture for export, with enslaved workers permanently owned and traded as private property.
3. Wage labor contracts negotiated by independent guilds, limiting state authority over workers and encouraging urban industrial growth.
4. Serfdom tied to feudal lords who collected rents, with minimal state direction of labor or redistribution from central storehouses.
5. Corvée labor imposed only on conquered foreigners, while Inca subjects were exempt from state service and taxation requirements.

Explanation: The mita system was fundamental to Inca state building, representing a sophisticated form of labor taxation where communities provided rotating service to the state. Unlike chattel slavery (B) where individuals were permanently owned, or wage labor (C) based on voluntary contracts, the mita was a reciprocal obligation where the state provided security, infrastructure, and redistributed resources during times of need. Communities organized into ayllus (kinship groups) would send a portion of their members for temporary service on state projects like road construction, terrace farming, or military campaigns. This system allowed the Inca to mobilize massive labor forces for monumental projects while maintaining community cohesion and avoiding the social disruption of permanent enslavement. The state's ability to store and redistribute surplus goods also legitimized these labor demands, creating a form of state socialism that integrated diverse populations across the Andes.

Question 3

1. A centralized bureaucracy of salaried administrators who directly governed provinces and standardized laws across the empire, minimizing local autonomy and negotiation.
2. A tribute system that linked conquered polities to the capital through regular payments and coercion, allowing indirect rule to persist under imperial dominance. (correct answer)
3. A commercial empire based primarily on overseas colonies and maritime trade routes protected by a large blue-water navy and fortified ports.
4. A policy of religious toleration that discouraged ritual warfare and reduced the use of captives, weakening ideological justifications for expansion.
5. A democratic confederation in which member city-states held equal voting power, preventing one capital from extracting resources from others.

Explanation: The Mexica (Aztec) Empire exemplified a tribute-based imperial system where conquered territories maintained their local rulers and governance structures while being obligated to send regular payments to Tenochtitlan. This indirect rule approach was more efficient than direct administration, as it required fewer imperial officials and allowed the empire to expand rapidly by co-opting existing power structures. The tribute system included not just material goods like maize and cotton cloth, but also labor and captives for religious ceremonies, which reinforced the ideological and religious authority of the tlatoani (emperor). This system contrasts with centralized bureaucracies (A) that would have replaced local rulers entirely, or democratic confederations (E) where member states would have equal power. The tribute system's combination of economic extraction, religious legitimacy, and selective local autonomy made it the most effective mechanism for Mexica state building.

Question 4

1. To strengthen Indigenous sovereignty by returning lands and limiting settler migration, ensuring Native nations controlled borders and trade routes.
2. To consolidate federal control over territory and promote settler expansion, integrating the West into a national economy and political system. (correct answer)
3. To abolish railways and long-distance trade in favor of isolated local economies, reducing the government's administrative responsibilities.
4. To create independent city-states across the prairies, preventing any centralized authority from emerging in the Canadian federation.
5. To replace British legal traditions with Aztec tribute practices, using ritual warfare to legitimate Canadian political authority.

Explanation: Canada's western policies in the 1880s and 1890s aimed to consolidate federal control over the prairies and facilitate settler expansion as part of nation-building following Confederation. The numbered treaties, though presented as negotiations, were often signed under pressure and served to extinguish Indigenous land rights while confining First Nations to reserves. The North-West Mounted Police (predecessor to the RCMP) extended federal law enforcement to maintain order for incoming settlers and suppress Indigenous resistance. The transcontinental railway, completed in 1885, physically linked British Columbia to eastern Canada while opening the prairies to agricultural settlement and resource extraction. These policies worked together to transform the West from Indigenous-controlled territory into integrated provinces within the Canadian federation, establishing federal sovereignty and creating the economic and demographic basis for western provinces. This state-building project came at enormous cost to Indigenous peoples, whose mobility, economy, and political autonomy were systematically undermined.

Question 5

1. The elimination of all colonial officials in favor of autonomous settler assemblies that could veto royal taxes and appoint their own governors.
2. The creation of viceroyalties and royal courts to oversee administration and constrain local elites, increasing direct crown influence in colonies. (correct answer)
3. The adoption of a policy of complete noninterference in Indigenous governance, ending tribute demands and labor drafts across the empire.
4. The replacement of Catholic missions with privately funded Protestant churches that operated independently of imperial oversight and taxation.
5. The decision to shift colonial capital cities to remote interior locations to reduce contact with Atlantic trade and imperial communication.

Explanation: The creation of viceroyalties and audiencias (royal courts) represented Spain's systematic effort to establish direct crown control over its American territories and limit the power of conquistadors and early settlers. Initially, the Spanish crown had granted encomiendas (rights to Indigenous labor and tribute) to reward conquistadors, but these grants created a quasi-feudal system that threatened royal authority. By establishing viceroys as direct representatives of the king and audiencias as judicial bodies, the crown created institutional checks on local power holders. These institutions could override local decisions, collect taxes directly for the crown, and ensure that colonial wealth flowed to Spain rather than enriching only local elites. This centralization effort contrasts sharply with options suggesting autonomous assemblies (A) or noninterference in Indigenous governance (C), which would have weakened rather than strengthened imperial control.

Question 6

1. They reduced social inequality by distributing land widely to small farmers, creating a broad tax base and representative colonial legislatures.
2. They strengthened local autonomy by eliminating imperial oversight, allowing planters to form independent republics without metropolitan interference.
3. They generated export wealth that linked colonial governance to coercive labor systems, encouraging militarized enforcement and alliances with planter elites. (correct answer)
4. They ended the transatlantic slave trade by making Indigenous labor sufficient, reducing the need for imported workers and coastal fortifications.
5. They promoted religious tolerance by separating church and state, weakening missionary activity and reducing the role of Catholic institutions.

Explanation: Plantation economies fundamentally shaped Brazilian colonial state building by creating a system where political power, economic wealth, and coercive labor control were tightly interlinked. The sugar plantations generated enormous export revenues that made Brazil valuable to Portugal, but required massive inputs of enslaved African labor to function profitably. This economic structure encouraged the development of a colonial state that prioritized military force to capture and control enslaved workers, coastal fortifications to protect the trade, and close alliances with planter elites who controlled the means of production. The state's governance structures evolved to support this system - from slave codes to militia organizations designed to suppress resistance. The formation of quilombos (maroon communities) in response to this system further militarized colonial authority as the state devoted resources to raids and campaigns against these autonomous settlements. The plantation economy thus created a colonial state characterized by violence, elite domination, and export orientation.

Question 7

1. Expansion of centralized imperial authority by delegating local control to settlers while later reasserting royal power through bureaucratic oversight. (correct answer)
2. Creation of egalitarian frontier republics where land grants were distributed equally and Indigenous peoples held voting rights in assemblies.
3. Replacement of territorial empires with decentralized religious communes that rejected taxation and relied solely on voluntary contributions.
4. Establishment of a free-trade zone without political sovereignty, where merchants governed ports independent of any European monarchy.
5. Development of industrial wage labor systems that rapidly eliminated coerced labor and made colonial economies primarily urban.

Explanation: Spanish conquistadors initially operated with significant autonomy, founding towns and using encomiendas to extract labor and tribute from Indigenous communities in exchange for protection and Christianization. Over time, the Crown intervened by appointing royal officials, enacting laws like the New Laws of 1542 to curb abuses, and phasing out some encomiendas to reassert control. Choice A exemplifies this pattern of initial delegation followed by centralization, common in early modern empires expanding overseas. Choice B's egalitarian republics do not reflect the hierarchical and coercive nature of Spanish colonization. Choice C misrepresents the replacement of empires with religious communes, as Spain maintained territorial control. Choices D and E ignore the focus on territorial conquest and coerced labor in favor of trade zones or industrial systems, which were not primary in sixteenth-century Spanish America. This dynamic highlights how metropoles balanced expansion with preventing colonial elites from becoming too powerful.

Question 8

1. Feudal decentralization, in which hereditary lords exercised nearly all authority and the monarch had limited ability to intervene.
2. Bureaucratic imperial administration, using appointed officials to extend centralized authority over distant territories. (correct answer)
3. Confederation, in which autonomous provinces retained sovereignty and delegated only minimal powers to a weak central council.
4. Theocratic rule, where church leaders directly governed colonies and secular officials were excluded from political decision‑making.
5. Corporate mercantilism, where a private company held sovereignty, raised armies, and administered justice without royal oversight.

Explanation: Spain's viceroyalty system divided the Americas into large administrative units governed by appointed viceroys, audiencias (high courts), and a bureaucracy that enforced royal policies, collected taxes, and oversaw local officials to ensure loyalty and revenue flow to the Crown. This structure aimed to prevent corruption and independence among colonial elites while channeling silver and other resources back to Spain. Choice B accurately describes this bureaucratic imperial administration, akin to other absolutist systems. Choice A represents feudalism, which Spain sought to avoid by centralizing power. Choice C suggests a loose confederation, but viceroyalties were hierarchical and centralized. Choice D overstates theocratic elements, as secular officials held significant power, and Choice E describes company rule like the Dutch East India Company, not Spain's model. This governance facilitated long-term control but often bred resentment among local populations.

Question 9

1. Creating a centralized bureaucracy staffed by merit-based examinations that replaced hereditary elites throughout conquered regions and standardized law codes.
2. Ruling through indirect control by allowing local leaders to remain while extracting tribute and using military force to punish rebellion. (correct answer)
3. Establishing maritime trading colonies to dominate long-distance commerce rather than territorial conquest and tribute extraction.
4. Building authority primarily through missionary conversion and church courts, with minimal reliance on warfare or taxation.
5. Forming a voluntary federation of equal city-states that shared power through representative assemblies and rotating leadership.

Explanation: The Mexica (Aztec) Empire expanded by conquering neighboring city-states but often left local rulers in place to maintain stability, focusing instead on extracting tribute such as maize, cotton, and labor to support their capital, Tenochtitlan. This approach allowed the Aztecs to control a vast area without directly administering every region, relying on the threat of military force to ensure compliance and using tribute lists to track obligations. Choice B best illustrates this indirect control strategy, which was common in hegemonic empires where central power is asserted through tribute and alliances rather than full integration. In contrast, Choice A describes a more centralized bureaucratic system like China's, which the Aztecs did not employ, as they lacked merit-based exams or standardized laws across regions. Choice C reflects maritime empires like those of Portugal, not the land-based Aztec expansion. Choices D and E do not align with the Aztec emphasis on warfare and tribute over religious conversion or voluntary federations. This strategy enabled rapid expansion but also made the empire vulnerable to revolts when central authority weakened.

Question 10

1. Centralizing reforms that curtailed semi-independent institutions and increased state control over resources, administration, and ideological authority. (correct answer)
2. Decolonization policies designed to grant missions full independence and encourage Indigenous self-rule outside imperial oversight.
3. A shift toward private corporate sovereignty, granting Jesuits legal authority to mint coins, raise armies, and negotiate treaties.
4. An effort to replace Catholicism with Islam across Spanish America, eliminating Christian missions and converting colonial officials.
5. An attempt to end all taxation and trade regulation, since Jesuits advocated free markets and the Crown adopted their policies.

Explanation: Jesuit expulsion centralized control by reducing autonomous institutions, aligning with absolutist trends. Choice A reflects these reforms. Choice B's decolonization ignores imperial goals, and Choice C's corporate sovereignty overstates changes. Choice D's Islamic shift and Choice E's free markets are unfounded. It exemplifies tightening governance.

Question 11

1. Decentralizing power by dispersing populations across remote areas so local communities could avoid officials and maintain complete autonomy.
2. Increasing administrative control by reorganizing settlement patterns to make surveillance, conversion, and revenue collection more efficient. (correct answer)
3. Encouraging nomadic lifeways to improve hunting yields and reduce dependence on agriculture and tribute obligations.
4. Eliminating the Catholic Church's influence by forbidding missionaries from living near Indigenous communities and banning religious instruction.
5. Replacing colonial administration with private corporate rule, granting charter companies full sovereignty over towns and courts.

Explanation: Reducciones concentrated dispersed Indigenous populations into towns for easier oversight, enabling efficient taxation, labor mobilization, and missionary work under colonial supervision. This policy enhanced administrative control in vast territories. Choice B reflects the goal of increasing state efficiency through resettlement. Choice A's decentralization contradicts the centralizing intent, and Choice C's nomadic encouragement ignores agricultural focus. Choice D's church elimination and Choice E's corporate rule misrepresent the collaborative state-church dynamic. Reducciones illustrate coercive integration in colonial governance.

Question 12

1. Overabundance of centralized bureaucrats, which created stable tax systems and prevented local elites from exercising any authority.
2. Difficulty establishing legitimate centralized authority, as local military leaders and regional elites competed with national governments. (correct answer)
3. Complete absence of military influence in politics, which allowed legislatures to govern without coercion or threat of coups.
4. Immediate creation of unified continental federations that eliminated borders and ended disputes over taxation and representation.
5. Rapid industrialization that shifted power to urban labor unions, making rural regions politically irrelevant within a decade.

Explanation: Post-independence Latin America faced caudillos who leveraged military power and regional loyalties to challenge weak central governments, leading to instability and fragmented authority. This reflected difficulties in building cohesive national states. Choice B identifies the challenge of establishing legitimate central authority. Choice A's bureaucratic overabundance ignores actual weaknesses, and Choice C denies military influence. Choice D's federations and Choice E's industrialization overlook persistent rural and military dynamics. These patterns shaped long-term political volatility.

Question 13

1. Complete cultural replacement, in which colonial administrations abolished all Indigenous political structures and imposed uniform European institutions.
2. Hybrid governance, where imperial systems coexisted with and adapted to Indigenous institutions to facilitate administration and extraction. (correct answer)
3. Industrial labor organization, in which wage workers formed unions that negotiated directly with colonial governors over factory conditions.
4. Isolationism, as colonial governments withdrew from rural areas and ended taxation, leaving communities entirely independent.
5. Nomadic decentralization, as Indigenous groups abandoned agriculture and towns to avoid tribute, eliminating settled governance systems.

Explanation: Indigenous councils in Spanish America often persisted, handling local affairs while interfacing with colonial systems for tribute and justice, creating blended governance. Choice B illustrates hybrid systems adapting to local institutions for effective rule. Choice A's complete replacement ignores continuities, and Choice C's industrial unions are anachronistic. Choice D's isolationism and Choice E's nomadic shift contradict integration efforts. This hybridity facilitated colonial administration amid diversity.

Question 14

1. Reliance on chattel slavery as the primary labor system, with private plantations owned by nobles producing export crops for global markets.
2. Use of corvée-style labor obligations and infrastructure to integrate diverse regions under centralized imperial administration. (correct answer)
3. Creation of independent merchant guilds that controlled taxation and limited royal authority through written constitutional agreements.
4. Dependence on naval power and overseas colonies to project authority across oceans rather than controlling highland territories.
5. Adoption of monotheistic religious law that replaced local customs and eliminated regional variation in governance practices.

Explanation: The Inca Empire built a vast network of roads, storehouses, and administrative centers to connect diverse Andean regions, using the mit'a system to mobilize communal labor for infrastructure, agriculture, and military purposes. Quipu cords served as a sophisticated accounting tool to record resources and obligations without written language, while relocations (mitmaq) helped integrate and pacify conquered groups. Choice B captures this corvée-style labor and infrastructure focus, which centralized control and fostered imperial unity across challenging terrain. Unlike Choice A, the Incas did not rely on chattel slavery or private plantations for exports, as their economy was state-directed. Choice C describes European merchant guilds, irrelevant to Inca governance, and Choice D pertains to naval empires, not the highland Incas. Choice E's monotheistic law does not fit the Incas' polytheistic traditions. This system allowed the Incas to manage a large empire efficiently but required constant administrative oversight to prevent resistance.

Question 15

1. They limited colonial authority by dispersing Indigenous communities across frontier zones, making taxation and labor drafts difficult to enforce.
2. They strengthened colonial administration by increasing surveillance and standardizing obligations, making extraction and cultural control easier to implement. (correct answer)
3. They were designed to end missionary influence, transferring all religious authority to Indigenous priests and eliminating Catholic institutions.
4. They primarily supported industrialization by relocating Indigenous workers near factories, shifting colonial economies away from agriculture and mining.
5. They created independent city-states recognized by Spain, allowing Indigenous towns to control their own foreign policy and military alliances.

Explanation: The policy of reducciones (congregated settlements) represented a systematic effort to strengthen colonial state power by reorganizing Indigenous spatial and social patterns to facilitate control. By concentrating dispersed Indigenous populations into planned towns, Spanish authorities could more easily monitor, tax, and mobilize these communities for labor drafts. The grid-pattern towns with central plazas made surveillance straightforward and created standardized spaces for Catholic churches, administrative buildings, and markets. This spatial reorganization went hand-in-hand with cultural control through missionary activity, as concentrated populations were easier to convert and monitor for adherence to Christian practices. The reducciones also standardized tribute collection and labor obligations, making it simpler for colonial officials to extract resources. Rather than weakening state power, these settlements extended colonial authority into previously autonomous Indigenous spaces, creating nodes of imperial control that could project Spanish power into surrounding territories.

Question 16

1. A maritime merchant fleet that connected coastal ports to inland cities, replacing labor obligations with cash taxes from trade profits.
2. A standardized infrastructure and labor system that mobilized resources across regions, supporting administration, armies, and redistribution during shortages. (correct answer)
3. A policy of religious toleration that prohibited state rituals, preventing conflicts between imperial cults and local deities across the empire.
4. A written alphabet used in schools throughout the empire, ensuring identical legal codes and eliminating the need for local intermediaries.
5. A reliance on private landownership and free wage labor, which encouraged market integration without significant state planning or coercion.

Explanation: The Inca Empire's ability to govern diverse ecological zones from coastal deserts to high mountain valleys depended fundamentally on their sophisticated infrastructure and labor mobilization system. The extensive road network connected different regions, while strategically placed storehouses (qollqas) allowed for resource redistribution during times of shortage or to support military campaigns. The mit'a labor system provided a standardized mechanism for mobilizing workers across the empire for public projects, military service, and agricultural production. This infrastructure enabled efficient communication through chasqui runners, rapid military deployment, and the movement of goods between complementary ecological zones. The system's standardization meant that despite governing areas with vastly different climates, crops, and resources, the Inca could implement consistent administrative practices while adapting to local conditions through the flexibility built into their infrastructure.

Question 17

1. It eliminated social hierarchies by redistributing tribute equally, creating a centralized welfare state that reduced conflict among conquered communities.
2. It relied on decentralized tribute networks and indirect rule, lowering administrative costs while tying local elites to imperial authority through obligations. (correct answer)
3. It replaced local rulers with Mexica governors everywhere, ensuring uniform laws and preventing any regional variation in political practice.
4. It focused on overseas colonies and Atlantic trade revenues, reducing dependence on agriculture and tribute from surrounding regions.
5. It created a representative assembly of conquered cities that voted on taxation, limiting the power of the Mexica emperor and nobles.

Explanation: The Mexica (Aztec) Empire's success in state building relied on a sophisticated system of indirect rule that balanced central authority with local autonomy. By allowing conquered altepetl (city-states) to retain their local rulers, the Mexica reduced administrative costs and resistance while ensuring tribute flowed to Tenochtitlan through established local channels. This decentralized approach tied local elites to imperial authority through mutual obligations - local rulers maintained their positions and some autonomy in exchange for collecting and delivering tribute. The system was reinforced by military intimidation and religious legitimacy centered on Tenochtitlan, creating a network of dependencies rather than direct administration. This strategy proved more sustainable than attempting to replace all local governance structures, which would have required massive bureaucratic resources and likely provoked widespread rebellion.

Question 18

1. Indentured servitude, in which migrants voluntarily signed contracts for passage and later gained land, limiting coercion by colonial authorities.
2. Encomienda, a grant of landownership that abolished tribute and required Spaniards to pay wages, preventing forced labor in mines.
3. Mita, a coerced rotational draft adapted by Spanish officials to supply labor for mining and state projects in the Andes. (correct answer)
4. Mit'aq, a voluntary religious pilgrimage system that primarily moved workers to temples, not to extractive industries or taxation.
5. The putting-out system, in which rural households produced textiles at home for merchants, reducing the need for centralized labor drafts.

Explanation: The mita system in colonial Spanish America was a coercive labor draft that Spanish administrators adapted from the Inca mit'a, transforming it into a more exploitative institution focused on silver mining. While the Inca mita had been based on reciprocal obligations with state support, the colonial version required Indigenous communities to send a percentage of adult males (often one-seventh) to work in mines like Potosí for minimal wages under harsh conditions. This system differed from voluntary indentured servitude (A) or household-based putting-out systems (E), as it was mandatory and state-enforced. The colonial mita's focus on extractive industries, particularly silver mining, generated enormous wealth for Spain but caused demographic catastrophe in Indigenous communities through high mortality rates, family separation, and economic disruption. This adaptation of an Indigenous institution for colonial exploitation exemplifies how European powers modified existing systems to serve imperial economic interests.

Question 19

1. A lack of arable land and an absence of former plantation infrastructure, making any agricultural production impossible after independence.
2. Severe foreign isolation and indemnity demands that restricted trade and drained revenue, undermining state capacity and development efforts. (correct answer)
3. Immediate incorporation into the British Empire, which replaced Haitian leaders with appointed governors and ended local political institutions.
4. A complete absence of internal political divisions, which removed incentives to build institutions and led to rapid state collapse.
5. A policy of free trade imposed by France that guaranteed Haitian exports at high prices and provided steady revenue for the new state.

Explanation: Haiti's early state-building efforts were severely constrained by international isolation and the crushing burden of indemnity payments demanded by France as compensation for lost property (including formerly enslaved people). This diplomatic and economic isolation prevented Haiti from establishing normal trade relationships, accessing international credit, or gaining recognition from major powers who feared the precedent of a successful slave revolution. The 1825 indemnity of 150 million francs (later reduced to 90 million) drained Haiti's treasury for decades, forcing the government to take out high-interest loans and limiting investments in infrastructure, education, and economic development. This external pressure exacerbated internal tensions between those favoring large-scale plantation agriculture and those supporting small-scale farming, making it difficult to establish stable governing institutions. The combination of debt burden and international hostility created a vicious cycle that undermined Haiti's sovereignty and development prospects throughout the nineteenth century.

Question 20

1. Colonial states were always able to eliminate resistance through overwhelming force, so treaties were unnecessary and never used.
2. Colonial authorities sometimes compromised with armed autonomous communities, indicating practical limits to control in difficult terrain. (correct answer)
3. Maroons were officially appointed governors by European kings, serving as the primary administrators of plantation taxation systems.
4. Treaties ended slavery throughout the Americas by creating universal emancipation laws enforced by international courts.
5. Maroon communities depended on industrial wage labor and urban factories, making rural autonomy irrelevant to colonial governance.

Explanation: Maroon treaties granted autonomy for peace, revealing colonial power limits in rugged areas. Choice B highlights these compromises. Choice A's elimination of resistance ignores negotiations, and Choice C's governor roles exaggerate status. Choice D's universal emancipation and Choice E's industrial dependence do not apply. This shows negotiated authority.