Biology Flashcards: Explain Atom Rearrangement In Synthesis

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This deck focuses on Explain Atom Rearrangement In Synthesis, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for Biology.

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Flashcard 1: What is meant by "atoms are rearranged" during macromolecule synthesis?

Answer: Atoms are conserved but recombined into new covalent bonds. Existing atoms form new molecular arrangements and bonds.

Flashcard 2: What type of bond links glycerol to fatty acids in a triglyceride?

Answer: Ester bond (ester linkage). Forms between glycerol hydroxyl and fatty acid carboxyl.

Flashcard 3: What is the general name for enzymes that build polymers from monomers?

Answer: Synthases or polymerases (depending on the polymer type). Catalyze dehydration synthesis to build polymers.

Flashcard 4: Which macromolecule class is primarily assembled from glycerol and fatty acids?

Answer: Lipids (for example, triglycerides and phospholipids). Glycerol backbone connects to fatty acid chains.

Flashcard 5: What covalent bond forms between two monosaccharides in a carbohydrate polymer?

Answer: Glycosidic bond. Forms between sugar carbons via dehydration synthesis.

Flashcard 6: Which bond is broken when DNA is hydrolyzed into nucleotides along the backbone?

Answer: Phosphodiester bond. Breaks the sugar-phosphate backbone connections.

Flashcard 7: Find the correct term: Building a protein from amino acids is an example of what process?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis (polymerization). Links monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions.

Flashcard 8: Which process typically requires enzymes to occur efficiently in cells: dehydration or hydrolysis?

Answer: Both reactions are enzyme-catalyzed in cells. Enzymes catalyze both synthesis and breakdown reactions.

Flashcard 9: What is the immediate product when glycerol bonds with three fatty acids via dehydration synthesis?

Answer: A triglyceride (triacylglycerol). Three ester bonds link glycerol to fatty acids.

Flashcard 10: What is the general name for enzymes that break polymers into monomers by hydrolysis?

Answer: Hydrolases (digestive enzymes). Catalyze hydrolysis to break down polymers.

Flashcard 11: Which reaction forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis forming a glycosidic bond. Links two sugar molecules removing water.

Flashcard 12: What is the general name for enzymes that build polymers from monomers?

Answer: Synthases or polymerases (depending on the polymer type). Catalyze dehydration synthesis to build polymers.

Flashcard 13: Which principle states that atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions?

Answer: Conservation of mass (matter). Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in reactions.

Flashcard 14: Which element is always present in proteins but not in carbohydrates and typical lipids?

Answer: Nitrogen (N). Essential for amino groups in amino acid structure.

Flashcard 15: Which type of chemical reaction links monomers by removing water to build a macromolecule?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction). Removes $H_2O$ between monomers to form covalent bonds.

Flashcard 16: Which principle states that atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions?

Answer: Conservation of mass (matter). Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in reactions.

Flashcard 17: Which parts of nucleotides are covalently linked to form a nucleic acid strand?

Answer: Phosphate of one nucleotide to sugar of the next. Creates the continuous sugar-phosphate backbone chain.

Flashcard 18: What is the main structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

Answer: Phospholipids have a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid. Creates amphipathic molecules for membranes.

Flashcard 19: What covalent bond forms between amino acids in a polypeptide?

Answer: Peptide bond. Links amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids.

Flashcard 20: What is meant by "atoms are rearranged" during macromolecule synthesis?

Answer: Atoms are conserved but recombined into new covalent bonds. Existing atoms form new molecular arrangements and bonds.

Flashcard 21: What molecule is released when two monomers join during dehydration synthesis?

Answer: Water ($H_2O$). Formed when $H$ from one monomer joins $OH$ from another.

Flashcard 22: Choose the word that completes the statement: Hydrolysis is the   of dehydration synthesis.

Answer: Reverse. Opposite processes that build and break polymers.

Flashcard 23: Which functional groups react to form an ester bond in lipid formation?

Answer: Hydroxyl group and carboxyl group. Glycerol $OH$ reacts with fatty acid $COOH$ group.

Flashcard 24: What is the main structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

Answer: Phospholipids have a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid. Creates amphipathic molecules for membranes.

Flashcard 25: Which element is always present in nucleic acids in addition to C, H, O, and N?

Answer: Phosphorus (P). Required for phosphate groups in nucleotide structure.

Flashcard 26: Which reaction breaks a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

Answer: Hydrolysis breaking a glycosidic bond. Adds water to separate the sugar molecules.

Flashcard 27: Which functional groups react to form an ester bond in lipid formation?

Answer: Hydroxyl group and carboxyl group. Glycerol $OH$ reacts with fatty acid $COOH$ group.

Flashcard 28: What is the immediate product when glycerol bonds with three fatty acids via dehydration synthesis?

Answer: A triglyceride (triacylglycerol). Three ester bonds link glycerol to fatty acids.

Flashcard 29: Which type of chemical reaction links monomers by removing water to build a macromolecule?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction). Removes $H_2O$ between monomers to form covalent bonds.

Flashcard 30: Which functional groups react to form a peptide bond during dehydration synthesis?

Answer: Amino group and carboxyl group. The amino nitrogen bonds to the carboxyl carbon.

Flashcard 31: Which macromolecule class is built from monosaccharide monomers?

Answer: Carbohydrates. Simple sugars link to form complex carbohydrates.

Flashcard 32: What is the polymer called when nucleotides are linked into a chain?

Answer: Polynucleotide (nucleic acid strand). Chain of nucleotides forming DNA or RNA.

Flashcard 33: What is the polymer called when amino acids are linked into a chain?

Answer: Polypeptide (protein when folded and functional). Amino acid chain that folds into functional protein.

Flashcard 34: Which macromolecule class is primarily assembled from glycerol and fatty acids?

Answer: Lipids (for example, triglycerides and phospholipids). Glycerol backbone connects to fatty acid chains.

Flashcard 35: Identify the structural polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers in plant cell walls.

Answer: Cellulose. Provides rigid structure to plant cell walls.

Flashcard 36: What covalent bond forms in the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids?

Answer: Phosphodiester bond. Connects phosphate to sugar creating the DNA/RNA backbone.

Flashcard 37: Identify the structural polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers in plant cell walls.

Answer: Cellulose. Provides rigid structure to plant cell walls.

Flashcard 38: Which bond is broken when a polysaccharide is digested into monosaccharides?

Answer: Glycosidic bond. Hydrolysis breaks sugar linkages in carbohydrates.

Flashcard 39: Which elements are most common in carbohydrates and lipids?

Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O). Primary elements in energy storage and structural molecules.

Flashcard 40: Which reaction type is commonly used in digestion of macromolecules?

Answer: Hydrolysis. Breaks down food polymers into absorbable monomers.

Flashcard 41: What type of bond links glycerol to fatty acids in a triglyceride?

Answer: Ester bond (ester linkage). Forms between glycerol hydroxyl and fatty acid carboxyl.

Flashcard 42: Identify the correct reactants and products: polymer link + $H_2O$ → ?

Answer: Two smaller molecules (monomers) are produced. Hydrolysis breaks polymer bonds using water.

Flashcard 43: Which part of an amino acid varies and gives proteins different chemical properties?

Answer: The side chain (R group). Determines protein function and chemical properties.

Flashcard 44: Which macromolecule class is built from amino acid monomers?

Answer: Proteins (polypeptides). Amino acids join via peptide bonds to form chains.

Flashcard 45: What are the four major biological macromolecule classes?

Answer: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. The main polymer categories in living organisms.

Flashcard 46: Identify the polymer formed when many glucose monomers are linked for energy storage in animals.

Answer: Glycogen (a polysaccharide). Animal energy storage polymer with branched structure.

Flashcard 47: What covalent bond forms between amino acids in a polypeptide?

Answer: Peptide bond. Links amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids.

Flashcard 48: Choose the word that completes the statement: Hydrolysis is the   of dehydration synthesis.

Answer: Reverse. Opposite processes that build and break polymers.

Flashcard 49: What molecule is released when two monomers join during dehydration synthesis?

Answer: Water ($H_2O$). Formed when $H$ from one monomer joins $OH$ from another.

Flashcard 50: What is the polymer called when nucleotides are linked into a chain?

Answer: Polynucleotide (nucleic acid strand). Chain of nucleotides forming DNA or RNA.

Flashcard 51: Which reaction type is commonly used in digestion of macromolecules?

Answer: Hydrolysis. Breaks down food polymers into absorbable monomers.

Flashcard 52: Find the correct term: Building a protein from amino acids is an example of what process?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis (polymerization). Links monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions.

Flashcard 53: What is a monomer in the context of biological macromolecules?

Answer: A small subunit that can covalently bond to form a polymer. Basic building blocks that join through covalent bonding.

Flashcard 54: Which statement best describes what happens to electrons when covalent bonds form in polymers?

Answer: Atoms share electrons to create stable covalent bonds. Electron sharing creates stable molecular bonds.

Flashcard 55: Which bond is broken when DNA is hydrolyzed into nucleotides along the backbone?

Answer: Phosphodiester bond. Breaks the sugar-phosphate backbone connections.

Flashcard 56: Which statement best describes what happens to electrons when covalent bonds form in polymers?

Answer: Atoms share electrons to create stable covalent bonds. Electron sharing creates stable molecular bonds.

Flashcard 57: What molecule is consumed when a covalent bond in a polymer is broken by hydrolysis?

Answer: Water ($H_2O$). Water splits to provide $H$ and $OH$ to break the bond.

Flashcard 58: Which bond is broken when a polypeptide is digested into amino acids?

Answer: Peptide bond. Hydrolysis breaks the bonds linking amino acids.

Flashcard 59: Which bond is broken when a polypeptide is digested into amino acids?

Answer: Peptide bond. Hydrolysis breaks the bonds linking amino acids.

Flashcard 60: Which parts of nucleotides are covalently linked to form a nucleic acid strand?

Answer: Phosphate of one nucleotide to sugar of the next. Creates the continuous sugar-phosphate backbone chain.

Flashcard 61: Which elements are most common in carbohydrates and lipids?

Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O). Primary elements in energy storage and structural molecules.

Flashcard 62: Which parts of an amino acid remain after peptide bond formation to form the polypeptide backbone?

Answer: The repeating $N$–$C$ backbone (amino and carboxyl groups). Forms the repeating structural framework of proteins.

Flashcard 63: Identify the correct reactants and products: polymer link + $H_2O$ → ?

Answer: Two smaller molecules (monomers) are produced. Hydrolysis breaks polymer bonds using water.

Flashcard 64: What is the name of the reaction that breaks a polymer into monomers by adding water?

Answer: Hydrolysis. Adds $H_2O$ to break bonds between monomers.

Flashcard 65: Which part of an amino acid varies and gives proteins different chemical properties?

Answer: The side chain (R group). Determines protein function and chemical properties.

Flashcard 66: Which reaction forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis forming a glycosidic bond. Links two sugar molecules removing water.

Flashcard 67: What is the general name for enzymes that break polymers into monomers by hydrolysis?

Answer: Hydrolases (digestive enzymes). Catalyze hydrolysis to break down polymers.

Flashcard 68: What is a polymer in the context of biological macromolecules?

Answer: A large molecule made of many covalently linked monomers. Formed when many monomers link via covalent bonds.

Flashcard 69: Which bond is broken when a polysaccharide is digested into monosaccharides?

Answer: Glycosidic bond. Hydrolysis breaks sugar linkages in carbohydrates.

Flashcard 70: Which directionality describes a nucleic acid strand based on its sugar-phosphate backbone?

Answer: $5'$ to $3'$ directionality. Direction based on carbon numbering in sugar ring.

Flashcard 71: Which element is always present in nucleic acids in addition to C, H, O, and N?

Answer: Phosphorus (P). Required for phosphate groups in nucleotide structure.

Flashcard 72: Which reaction breaks a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

Answer: Hydrolysis breaking a glycosidic bond. Adds water to separate the sugar molecules.

Flashcard 73: Find the correct term: Breaking starch into glucose units during digestion is what process?

Answer: Hydrolysis. Breaks glycosidic bonds to release glucose units.

Flashcard 74: Which process typically requires enzymes to occur efficiently in cells: dehydration or hydrolysis?

Answer: Both reactions are enzyme-catalyzed in cells. Enzymes catalyze both synthesis and breakdown reactions.

Flashcard 75: Identify the correct statement about bonds in macromolecules: covalent or ionic?

Answer: Monomers in polymers are primarily linked by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds provide stability to polymer structure.

Flashcard 76: What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer: Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base. The basic structural units of DNA and RNA.

Flashcard 77: Which macromolecule class is built from nucleotide monomers?

Answer: Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Nucleotides link through phosphodiester bonds.

Flashcard 78: Identify the correct reactants and products: monomer + monomer → polymer link + ?

Answer: Water ($H_2O$) is produced. Dehydration synthesis removes water during polymer formation.

Flashcard 79: Which element is always present in proteins but not in carbohydrates and typical lipids?

Answer: Nitrogen (N). Essential for amino groups in amino acid structure.

Flashcard 80: What are the four major biological macromolecule classes?

Answer: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. The main polymer categories in living organisms.

Flashcard 81: What is a monomer in the context of biological macromolecules?

Answer: A small subunit that can covalently bond to form a polymer. Basic building blocks that join through covalent bonding.

Flashcard 82: What is the polymer called when amino acids are linked into a chain?

Answer: Polypeptide (protein when folded and functional). Amino acid chain that folds into functional protein.

Flashcard 83: Which reaction type is commonly used in biosynthesis of polymers from monomers?

Answer: Dehydration synthesis. Builds larger molecules from smaller subunits.

Flashcard 84: What covalent bond forms between two monosaccharides in a carbohydrate polymer?

Answer: Glycosidic bond. Forms between sugar carbons via dehydration synthesis.

Flashcard 85: Identify the polymer formed when many glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds in plants.

Answer: Starch (a polysaccharide). Plant energy storage polymer made from glucose.

Flashcard 86: Which functional groups react to form a peptide bond during dehydration synthesis?

Answer: Amino group and carboxyl group. The amino nitrogen bonds to the carboxyl carbon.

Flashcard 87: Find the correct term: Breaking starch into glucose units during digestion is what process?

Answer: Hydrolysis. Breaks glycosidic bonds to release glucose units.

Flashcard 88: What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer: Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base. The basic structural units of DNA and RNA.

Flashcard 89: Which macromolecule class is built from monosaccharide monomers?

Answer: Carbohydrates. Simple sugars link to form complex carbohydrates.

Flashcard 90: Which macromolecule class is built from amino acid monomers?

Answer: Proteins (polypeptides). Amino acids join via peptide bonds to form chains.

Flashcard 91: What is the name of the reaction that breaks a polymer into monomers by adding water?

Answer: Hydrolysis. Adds $H_2O$ to break bonds between monomers.

Flashcard 92: Identify the polymer formed when many glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds in plants.

Answer: Starch (a polysaccharide). Plant energy storage polymer made from glucose.

Flashcard 93: Which parts of an amino acid remain after peptide bond formation to form the polypeptide backbone?

Answer: The repeating $N$–$C$ backbone (amino and carboxyl groups). Forms the repeating structural framework of proteins.

Flashcard 94: Which directionality describes a nucleic acid strand based on its sugar-phosphate backbone?

Answer: $5'$ to $3'$ directionality. Direction based on carbon numbering in sugar ring.

Flashcard 95: Which macromolecule class is built from nucleotide monomers?

Answer: Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Nucleotides link through phosphodiester bonds.

Flashcard 96: Identify the correct reactants and products: monomer + monomer → polymer link + ?

Answer: Water ($H_2O$) is produced. Dehydration synthesis removes water during polymer formation.

Flashcard 97: Identify the correct statement about bonds in macromolecules: covalent or ionic?

Answer: Monomers in polymers are primarily linked by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds provide stability to polymer structure.