Biology Flashcards: Identify Cellular Respiration Components

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This deck focuses on Identify Cellular Respiration Components, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for Biology.

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Flashcard 1: Identify the products formed when NADH is oxidized in the electron transport chain.

Answer: NAD$^+$ and electrons (energy released). NADH loses electrons and hydrogen, returning to oxidized NAD$^+$ form.

Flashcard 2: In $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$, identify the product gases.

Answer: Carbon dioxide ($6\ \mathrm{CO_2}$). Carbon dioxide gas is produced as waste during respiration.

Flashcard 3: Identify the product that contains the carbon atoms originally found in glucose.

Answer: Carbon dioxide ($\mathrm{CO_2}$). Glucose carbons are oxidized and released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ waste.

Flashcard 4: Identify the coefficient of oxygen in $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$.

Answer: $6$. The coefficient shows 6 oxygen molecules are needed per glucose.

Flashcard 5: What is the product released as gas during pyruvate oxidation per pyruvate?

Answer: $1\ \mathrm{CO_2}$. One carbon is removed from each 3-carbon pyruvate as $\mathrm{CO_2}$.

Flashcard 6: Which reactant is required for aerobic respiration but not required for fermentation?

Answer: Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; fermentation occurs without oxygen.

Flashcard 7: How many FADH$_2$ are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $2$ FADH$_2$ per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each produce 1 FADH$_2$ molecule.

Flashcard 8: Identify the products formed when NADH is oxidized in the electron transport chain.

Answer: NAD$^+$ and electrons (energy released). NADH loses electrons and hydrogen, returning to oxidized NAD$^+$ form.

Flashcard 9: Identify the reactant that provides most of the carbon atoms in cellular respiration.

Answer: Glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). Glucose's 6 carbon atoms are released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ during respiration.

Flashcard 10: In $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$, identify the reactant gases.

Answer: Oxygen ($6\ \mathrm{O_2}$). Oxygen gas is consumed as a reactant in cellular respiration.

Flashcard 11: Identify the stage that produces acetyl-CoA as its key product.

Answer: Pyruvate oxidation (link reaction). Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during the link reaction.

Flashcard 12: In aerobic respiration, which molecule is the final product of energy capture for cell work?

Answer: ATP. ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds for cellular work.

Flashcard 13: How many FADH$_2$ are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $1$ FADH$_2$ per acetyl-CoA. One FADH$_2$ is produced per acetyl-CoA during the cycle.

Flashcard 14: Identify the two products of lactic acid fermentation from pyruvate reduction.

Answer: Lactate and NAD$^+$. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD$^+$.

Flashcard 15: Identify the immediate reactants used by ATP synthase to form ATP.

Answer: ADP and inorganic phosphate ($\mathrm{P_i}$). ATP synthase combines these to form ATP using proton gradient energy.

Flashcard 16: Identify the immediate reactant molecule that enters the citric acid cycle after pyruvate oxidation.

Answer: Acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle.

Flashcard 17: Identify the molecule that is a reactant in respiration but a product in photosynthesis.

Answer: Glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). These processes have opposite reactants and products for glucose.

Flashcard 18: What is the main carbon-containing product of pyruvate oxidation (link reaction) per pyruvate?

Answer: Acetyl-CoA (plus $\mathrm{CO_2}$ released). Pyruvate loses one carbon as $\mathrm{CO_2}$, forming 2-carbon acetyl-CoA.

Flashcard 19: Identify the products formed when FADH$_2$ is oxidized in the electron transport chain.

Answer: FAD and electrons (energy released). FADH$_2$ loses electrons and hydrogen, returning to oxidized FAD form.

Flashcard 20: Which molecule is regenerated as a product of fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue?

Answer: NAD$^+$. NAD$^+$ regeneration allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

Flashcard 21: What is the main carbon-containing product of glycolysis from one glucose molecule?

Answer: Two pyruvate ($2\ \mathrm{C_3H_3O_3^-}$). One glucose splits into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.

Flashcard 22: Identify the reactant that serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Answer: Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$). Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Flashcard 23: What is the direct ATP-equivalent product made in the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $1$ ATP (or GTP) per acetyl-CoA. Direct phosphorylation produces 1 ATP (or equivalent GTP) per cycle.

Flashcard 24: Which reactant is required for aerobic respiration but not required for fermentation?

Answer: Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; fermentation occurs without oxygen.

Flashcard 25: What is the overall balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration (using formulas)?

Answer: $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$. Shows glucose and oxygen converted to carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

Flashcard 26: How many NADH are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $3$ NADH per acetyl-CoA. Three NADH are generated per acetyl-CoA during the cycle.

Flashcard 27: How many NADH are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $6$ NADH per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each produce 3 NADH molecules.

Flashcard 28: Identify the correct side of the arrow for reactants in a chemical equation.

Answer: Left side of $\rightarrow$. Reactants are starting materials that get consumed in the reaction.

Flashcard 29: Identify the stage that uses oxygen directly as a reactant.

Answer: Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation). Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Flashcard 30: Identify the molecule that is a product in respiration but a reactant in photosynthesis.

Answer: Carbon dioxide ($\mathrm{CO_2}$). These processes have opposite reactants and products for $\mathrm{CO_2}$.

Flashcard 31: Identify the immediate reactant molecule that enters the citric acid cycle after pyruvate oxidation.

Answer: Acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle.

Flashcard 32: How many FADH$_2$ are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $2$ FADH$_2$ per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each produce 1 FADH$_2$ molecule.

Flashcard 33: Which three outputs are the main products of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP ($\mathrm{CO_2}$, $\mathrm{H_2O}$, ATP). Carbon dioxide and water are waste products; ATP stores captured energy.

Flashcard 34: Which two substances are the main reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer: Glucose and oxygen ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$ and $\mathrm{O_2}$). Glucose provides carbon and energy; oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor.

Flashcard 35: How many FADH$_2$ are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $1$ FADH$_2$ per acetyl-CoA. One FADH$_2$ is produced per acetyl-CoA during the cycle.

Flashcard 36: Identify the correct side of the arrow for products in a chemical equation.

Answer: Right side of $\rightarrow$. Products are substances formed as a result of the reaction.

Flashcard 37: Identify the total number of $\mathrm{CO_2}$ produced per glucose in aerobic respiration.

Answer: $6\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose. All 6 glucose carbons are eventually released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules.

Flashcard 38: Which molecule is the immediate reactant reduced to lactate during lactic acid fermentation?

Answer: Pyruvate. Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH to become lactate.

Flashcard 39: What is the net NADH product of glycolysis per glucose?

Answer: $2$ NADH. Two NADH molecules are formed during glucose oxidation in glycolysis.

Flashcard 40: Identify the stage that produces the most $\mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose molecule.

Answer: Citric acid cycle ($4\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose). The citric acid cycle produces most $\mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose molecule.

Flashcard 41: Identify the product formed when oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions at the end.

Answer: Water ($\mathrm{H_2O}$). Forms when oxygen accepts electrons and combines with hydrogen ions.

Flashcard 42: Identify the reactant that serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Answer: Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$). Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Flashcard 43: Identify the correct side of the arrow for reactants in a chemical equation.

Answer: Left side of $\rightarrow$. Reactants are starting materials that get consumed in the reaction.

Flashcard 44: How many $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $4\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each release 2 $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules.

Flashcard 45: Which molecule is the immediate reactant reduced to lactate during lactic acid fermentation?

Answer: Pyruvate. Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH to become lactate.

Flashcard 46: Identify the total number of $\mathrm{CO_2}$ produced per glucose in aerobic respiration.

Answer: $6\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose. All 6 glucose carbons are eventually released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules.

Flashcard 47: Identify the correct side of the arrow for products in a chemical equation.

Answer: Right side of $\rightarrow$. Products are substances formed as a result of the reaction.

Flashcard 48: Identify the two products of lactic acid fermentation from pyruvate reduction.

Answer: Lactate and NAD$^+$. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD$^+$.

Flashcard 49: Identify the coefficient of carbon dioxide in $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$.

Answer: $6$. The coefficient shows 6 carbon dioxide molecules are produced.

Flashcard 50: Which molecule is reduced to form water during aerobic respiration?

Answer: Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$) is reduced to $\mathrm{H_2O}$. Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to form water molecules.

Flashcard 51: How many $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $2\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per acetyl-CoA. Both carbons from acetyl-CoA are released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ waste.

Flashcard 52: Identify the two main reactants needed for oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.

Answer: NADH/FADH$_2$ and $\mathrm{O_2}$ (with ADP + $\mathrm{P_i}$). Electron carriers provide electrons; oxygen is the final acceptor.

Flashcard 53: Which molecule is reduced to form water during aerobic respiration?

Answer: Oxygen ($\mathrm{O_2}$) is reduced to $\mathrm{H_2O}$. Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to form water molecules.

Flashcard 54: Identify the stage that produces acetyl-CoA as its key product.

Answer: Pyruvate oxidation (link reaction). Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during the link reaction.

Flashcard 55: In aerobic respiration, which molecule is the final product of energy capture for cell work?

Answer: ATP. ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds for cellular work.

Flashcard 56: How many NADH are produced during pyruvate oxidation per glucose?

Answer: $2$ NADH per glucose. Two pyruvates from one glucose each produce one NADH during oxidation.

Flashcard 57: How many $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $2\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per acetyl-CoA. Both carbons from acetyl-CoA are released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ waste.

Flashcard 58: Identify the product formed when oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions at the end.

Answer: Water ($\mathrm{H_2O}$). Forms when oxygen accepts electrons and combines with hydrogen ions.

Flashcard 59: Which stage directly produces water as a product: electron transport chain or glycolysis?

Answer: Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation). Water forms when oxygen accepts electrons at the transport chain end.

Flashcard 60: Identify the product that contains the carbon atoms originally found in glucose.

Answer: Carbon dioxide ($\mathrm{CO_2}$). Glucose carbons are oxidized and released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ waste.

Flashcard 61: Which two substances are the main reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer: Glucose and oxygen ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$ and $\mathrm{O_2}$). Glucose provides carbon and energy; oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor.

Flashcard 62: Identify the coefficient of water in $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$.

Answer: $6$. The coefficient shows 6 water molecules are formed per glucose.

Flashcard 63: Identify the total number of $\mathrm{H_2O}$ molecules formed per glucose in the overall equation.

Answer: $6\ \mathrm{H_2O}$ per glucose. Water molecules form when oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions.

Flashcard 64: Which stage directly produces water as a product: electron transport chain or glycolysis?

Answer: Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation). Water forms when oxygen accepts electrons at the transport chain end.

Flashcard 65: What is the main carbon-containing product of pyruvate oxidation (link reaction) per pyruvate?

Answer: Acetyl-CoA (plus $\mathrm{CO_2}$ released). Pyruvate loses one carbon as $\mathrm{CO_2}$, forming 2-carbon acetyl-CoA.

Flashcard 66: Which molecule is oxidized during cellular respiration to release energy?

Answer: Glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). Glucose loses electrons (is oxidized) to release stored chemical energy.

Flashcard 67: How many $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $4\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each release 2 $\mathrm{CO_2}$ molecules.

Flashcard 68: Identify the stage that uses oxygen directly as a reactant.

Answer: Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation). Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Flashcard 69: How many NADH are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $3$ NADH per acetyl-CoA. Three NADH are generated per acetyl-CoA during the cycle.

Flashcard 70: Identify the stage that produces pyruvate as its main carbon product.

Answer: Glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.

Flashcard 71: What is the net NADH product of glycolysis per glucose?

Answer: $2$ NADH. Two NADH molecules are formed during glucose oxidation in glycolysis.

Flashcard 72: Identify the two products of alcoholic fermentation from pyruvate (overall end products).

Answer: Ethanol and $\mathrm{CO_2}$ (and NAD$^+$ regenerated). Pyruvate loses $\mathrm{CO_2}$ then is reduced to ethanol by NADH.

Flashcard 73: What is the net ATP product of glycolysis per glucose under typical textbook accounting?

Answer: Net $2$ ATP. Glycolysis produces 4 ATP but uses 2 ATP, giving net gain of 2.

Flashcard 74: Identify the coefficient of carbon dioxide in $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$.

Answer: $6$. The coefficient shows 6 carbon dioxide molecules are produced.

Flashcard 75: Identify the stage that produces pyruvate as its main carbon product.

Answer: Glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.

Flashcard 76: What are the main reduced electron carriers produced by the citric acid cycle?

Answer: NADH and FADH$_2$. These carry electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Flashcard 77: What is the direct ATP-equivalent product made in the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $2$ ATP (or GTP) per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each produce 1 ATP equivalent.

Flashcard 78: What is the main carbon-containing product of glycolysis from one glucose molecule?

Answer: Two pyruvate ($2\ \mathrm{C_3H_3O_3^-}$). One glucose splits into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.

Flashcard 79: What is the direct ATP-equivalent product made in the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $2$ ATP (or GTP) per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each produce 1 ATP equivalent.

Flashcard 80: Identify the stage that produces the most $\mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose molecule.

Answer: Citric acid cycle ($4\ \mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose). The citric acid cycle produces most $\mathrm{CO_2}$ per glucose molecule.

Flashcard 81: Identify the two products of alcoholic fermentation from pyruvate (overall end products).

Answer: Ethanol and $\mathrm{CO_2}$ (and NAD$^+$ regenerated). Pyruvate loses $\mathrm{CO_2}$ then is reduced to ethanol by NADH.

Flashcard 82: In $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$, identify the reactant gases.

Answer: Oxygen ($6\ \mathrm{O_2}$). Oxygen gas is consumed as a reactant in cellular respiration.

Flashcard 83: Identify the products formed when FADH$_2$ is oxidized in the electron transport chain.

Answer: FAD and electrons (energy released). FADH$_2$ loses electrons and hydrogen, returning to oxidized FAD form.

Flashcard 84: Which process produces $\mathrm{CO_2}$ as a waste product: glycolysis or citric acid cycle?

Answer: Citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle releases carbon atoms as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ waste.

Flashcard 85: What is the direct ATP-equivalent product made in the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA?

Answer: $1$ ATP (or GTP) per acetyl-CoA. Direct phosphorylation produces 1 ATP (or equivalent GTP) per cycle.

Flashcard 86: Identify the reactant that provides most of the carbon atoms in cellular respiration.

Answer: Glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). Glucose's 6 carbon atoms are released as $\mathrm{CO_2}$ during respiration.

Flashcard 87: Identify the molecule that is a reactant in respiration but a product in photosynthesis.

Answer: Glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). These processes have opposite reactants and products for glucose.

Flashcard 88: Which molecule is oxidized during cellular respiration to release energy?

Answer: Glucose ($\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}$). Glucose loses electrons (is oxidized) to release stored chemical energy.

Flashcard 89: Identify the coefficient of oxygen in $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$.

Answer: $6$. The coefficient shows 6 oxygen molecules are needed per glucose.

Flashcard 90: Identify the molecule that is a product in respiration but a reactant in photosynthesis.

Answer: Carbon dioxide ($\mathrm{CO_2}$). These processes have opposite reactants and products for $\mathrm{CO_2}$.

Flashcard 91: Which molecule is regenerated as a product of fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue?

Answer: NAD$^+$. NAD$^+$ regeneration allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

Flashcard 92: How many NADH are produced by the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Answer: $6$ NADH per glucose. Two acetyl-CoA from glucose each produce 3 NADH molecules.

Flashcard 93: What is the product released as gas during pyruvate oxidation per pyruvate?

Answer: $1\ \mathrm{CO_2}$. One carbon is removed from each 3-carbon pyruvate as $\mathrm{CO_2}$.

Flashcard 94: Identify the coefficient of water in $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$.

Answer: $6$. The coefficient shows 6 water molecules are formed per glucose.

Flashcard 95: Identify the immediate reactants used by ATP synthase to form ATP.

Answer: ADP and inorganic phosphate ($\mathrm{P_i}$). ATP synthase combines these to form ATP using proton gradient energy.

Flashcard 96: In $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$, identify the product gases.

Answer: Carbon dioxide ($6\ \mathrm{CO_2}$). Carbon dioxide gas is produced as waste during respiration.

Flashcard 97: What is the overall balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration (using formulas)?

Answer: $\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$. Shows glucose and oxygen converted to carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

Flashcard 98: How many NADH are produced during pyruvate oxidation per glucose?

Answer: $2$ NADH per glucose. Two pyruvates from one glucose each produce one NADH during oxidation.

Flashcard 99: Identify the total number of $\mathrm{H_2O}$ molecules formed per glucose in the overall equation.

Answer: $6\ \mathrm{H_2O}$ per glucose. Water molecules form when oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions.

Flashcard 100: What is the net ATP product of glycolysis per glucose under typical textbook accounting?

Answer: Net $2$ ATP. Glycolysis produces 4 ATP but uses 2 ATP, giving net gain of 2.