Biology Flashcards: Model Growth And Repair Processes

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Model Growth And Repair Processes, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for Biology.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: Which checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before separation?

Answer: Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents premature separation that would cause chromosome loss.

Flashcard 2: Which feedback mechanism typically stabilizes internal conditions during tissue repair?

Answer: Negative feedback. Counteracts deviations to maintain optimal repair conditions.

Flashcard 3: Which model best explains why multicellular organisms need specialized transport systems?

Answer: Diffusion alone is too slow over long distances. Large organisms require active transport to overcome diffusion limits.

Flashcard 4: What is homeostasis in the context of growth and repair models?

Answer: Maintenance of stable internal conditions. Required for coordinated growth and effective repair responses.

Flashcard 5: Identify the stage: Chromosomes are lined up single-file at the equator with spindle attachment.

Answer: Metaphase. Chromosomes aligned at center with proper spindle attachment.

Flashcard 6: Which type of stem cell can differentiate into nearly any body cell type?

Answer: Pluripotent stem cell. Has broad developmental potential except extraembryonic tissues.

Flashcard 7: What is cytokinesis?

Answer: Division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Completes cell division by physically separating the two nuclei.

Flashcard 8: What is a chromatid?

Answer: One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. DNA replication creates two attached copies for accurate distribution.

Flashcard 9: Which cell adaptation increases surface area for exchange to support growth and repair needs?

Answer: Membrane folding (for example, microvilli). Structural modifications overcome surface area limitations.

Flashcard 10: Which cell cycle phase is primarily cell growth and normal cell function before DNA synthesis?

Answer: G$1$ phase. Cell accumulates materials and energy needed for DNA replication.

Flashcard 11: Which immune cells are typically first to arrive at a wound to reduce infection risk?

Answer: Neutrophils. Rapid responders that combat infection in damaged tissue.

Flashcard 12: Which model-based conclusion is most accurate: Uncontrolled mitosis due to checkpoint failure leads to what?

Answer: Cancer (tumor formation). Loss of growth control leads to abnormal cell proliferation.

Flashcard 13: Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?

Answer: Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.

Flashcard 14: Identify the correct model outcome: If nutrient supply drops, what happens to mitosis rate in tissues?

Answer: Mitosis rate generally decreases. Limited resources slow cell division and growth processes.

Flashcard 15: What is a scar in a repair model?

Answer: Fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue after major damage. Fibrous replacement when original tissue cannot be fully restored.

Flashcard 16: What is the spindle apparatus?

Answer: Microtubule system that separates chromosomes. Protein fibers that attach to and move chromosomes during division.

Flashcard 17: What is the direct relationship in the surface area-to-volume ratio model as size increases?

Answer: Surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. Geometric constraint that limits organism size without adaptations.

Flashcard 18: What is an organ system in biological organization models?

Answer: Group of organs working together to perform major functions. Highest level of functional organization in multicellular organisms.

Flashcard 19: What is an organ in biological organization models?

Answer: Structure made of multiple tissues performing specific functions. Higher organization level combining different tissue types.

Flashcard 20: Which model-based prediction is correct: If spindle fibers fail to attach, what checkpoint stops division?

Answer: Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents unequal chromosome distribution during cell division.

Flashcard 21: Identify the best model-based explanation: Why does a cut heal by mitosis in nearby skin cells?

Answer: Mitosis replaces lost cells with genetically identical cells. Preserves tissue function by replacing damaged cells exactly.

Flashcard 22: Which model best explains why multicellular organisms need specialized transport systems?

Answer: Diffusion alone is too slow over long distances. Large organisms require active transport to overcome diffusion limits.

Flashcard 23: Which mitosis stage aligns chromosomes at the cell equator (metaphase plate)?

Answer: Metaphase. Ensures equal chromosome distribution by central alignment.

Flashcard 24: What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

Answer: Growth and tissue repair by making identical cells. Creates new cells to replace damaged ones and increase organism size.

Flashcard 25: Which cell cycle phase checks DNA replication and prepares the cell for mitosis?

Answer: G$2$ phase. Quality control ensures accurate DNA replication before division begins.

Flashcard 26: Which cell cycle phase replicates DNA to prepare for cell division?

Answer: S phase. DNA must be duplicated before cell division to maintain chromosome number.

Flashcard 27: What is a stem cell?

Answer: An undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and differentiate. Can produce both new stem cells and specialized cell types.

Flashcard 28: Which checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete and damage is repaired before mitosis?

Answer: G$2$ checkpoint. Confirms DNA integrity before proceeding to chromosome separation.

Flashcard 29: What structure holds sister chromatids together before anaphase?

Answer: Centromere (with cohesin proteins). Keeps sister chromatids attached until proper spindle alignment.

Flashcard 30: What is the key genetic idea in models of differentiation in multicellular organisms?

Answer: Same DNA, different gene expression patterns. Different cell types result from activating different gene sets.

Flashcard 31: Which checkpoint verifies cell size, nutrients, and DNA damage before DNA replication?

Answer: G$1$ checkpoint. Ensures cell readiness before committing to DNA replication.

Flashcard 32: Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?

Answer: Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.

Flashcard 33: Which blood component is most directly responsible for initial clot formation after injury?

Answer: Platelets. Cell fragments that aggregate and initiate clotting cascade.

Flashcard 34: How does apoptosis support growth and repair in organisms?

Answer: Eliminates damaged cells to protect tissue function. Prevents defective cells from interfering with normal tissue function.

Flashcard 35: What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

Answer: Growth and tissue repair by making identical cells. Creates new cells to replace damaged ones and increase organism size.

Flashcard 36: Identify the stage: Sister chromatids are moving toward opposite ends of the cell.

Answer: Anaphase. Active separation phase moving chromatids to opposite poles.

Flashcard 37: What is a simple model-based definition of wound healing?

Answer: Coordinated repair involving clotting, inflammation, and tissue rebuilding. Sequential processes restore tissue integrity and function.

Flashcard 38: Which stem cells are found in adult tissues and mainly maintain and repair those tissues?

Answer: Adult (somatic) stem cells. Limited to specific tissue types but essential for local repair.

Flashcard 39: Which mitosis stage reforms nuclear envelopes and begins chromosome decondensation?

Answer: Telophase. Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosome sets.

Flashcard 40: Identify the best model-based explanation: Why does a cut heal by mitosis in nearby skin cells?

Answer: Mitosis replaces lost cells with genetically identical cells. Preserves tissue function by replacing damaged cells exactly.

Flashcard 41: What is the correct order of the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer: G$1$ → S → G$2$ → M. Sequential phases where cells grow, replicate DNA, check quality, then divide.

Flashcard 42: Which model-based prediction is correct: If spindle fibers fail to attach, what checkpoint stops division?

Answer: Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents unequal chromosome distribution during cell division.

Flashcard 43: What is a simple model-based definition of wound healing?

Answer: Coordinated repair involving clotting, inflammation, and tissue rebuilding. Sequential processes restore tissue integrity and function.

Flashcard 44: Which cells produce collagen to rebuild connective tissue during repair?

Answer: Fibroblasts. Synthesize structural proteins to restore tissue strength.

Flashcard 45: What is the direct relationship in the surface area-to-volume ratio model as size increases?

Answer: Surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. Geometric constraint that limits organism size without adaptations.

Flashcard 46: What is homeostasis in the context of growth and repair models?

Answer: Maintenance of stable internal conditions. Required for coordinated growth and effective repair responses.

Flashcard 47: What is a stem cell?

Answer: An undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and differentiate. Can produce both new stem cells and specialized cell types.

Flashcard 48: Which model-based conclusion is most accurate: Uncontrolled mitosis due to checkpoint failure leads to what?

Answer: Cancer (tumor formation). Loss of growth control leads to abnormal cell proliferation.

Flashcard 49: What is a chromatid?

Answer: One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. DNA replication creates two attached copies for accurate distribution.

Flashcard 50: Which mitosis stage separates sister chromatids and pulls them to opposite poles?

Answer: Anaphase. Sister chromatids separate to ensure equal genetic distribution.

Flashcard 51: Identify the correct model outcome: If DNA damage is detected at G$1$, what should happen to the cell cycle?

Answer: Cell cycle arrest for repair or apoptosis. Checkpoints prevent division of damaged cells.

Flashcard 52: Which checkpoint verifies cell size, nutrients, and DNA damage before DNA replication?

Answer: G$1$ checkpoint. Ensures cell readiness before committing to DNA replication.

Flashcard 53: What is the correct order of the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer: G$1$ → S → G$2$ → M. Sequential phases where cells grow, replicate DNA, check quality, then divide.

Flashcard 54: Which type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair?

Answer: Mitosis. Unlike meiosis, mitosis preserves chromosome number and genetic content.

Flashcard 55: What is the M phase of the cell cycle composed of?

Answer: Mitosis and cytokinesis. Nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division creates two cells.

Flashcard 56: What structure holds sister chromatids together before anaphase?

Answer: Centromere (with cohesin proteins). Keeps sister chromatids attached until proper spindle alignment.

Flashcard 57: What is differentiation?

Answer: Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. Cells acquire specific roles through selective gene expression changes.

Flashcard 58: What is a tissue in biological organization models?

Answer: Group of similar cells working together for a function. Basic structural unit formed by cellular specialization.

Flashcard 59: What is the spindle apparatus?

Answer: Microtubule system that separates chromosomes. Protein fibers that attach to and move chromosomes during division.

Flashcard 60: Which mitosis stage reforms nuclear envelopes and begins chromosome decondensation?

Answer: Telophase. Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosome sets.

Flashcard 61: Which stem cells are found in adult tissues and mainly maintain and repair those tissues?

Answer: Adult (somatic) stem cells. Limited to specific tissue types but essential for local repair.

Flashcard 62: Identify the stage: Chromosomes are lined up single-file at the equator with spindle attachment.

Answer: Metaphase. Chromosomes aligned at center with proper spindle attachment.

Flashcard 63: What is apoptosis?

Answer: Programmed cell death that removes damaged cells. Controlled cell death prevents damaged cells from becoming harmful.

Flashcard 64: How does apoptosis support growth and repair in organisms?

Answer: Eliminates damaged cells to protect tissue function. Prevents defective cells from interfering with normal tissue function.

Flashcard 65: Which cell adaptation increases surface area for exchange to support growth and repair needs?

Answer: Membrane folding (for example, microvilli). Structural modifications overcome surface area limitations.

Flashcard 66: What is the key genetic idea in models of differentiation in multicellular organisms?

Answer: Same DNA, different gene expression patterns. Different cell types result from activating different gene sets.

Flashcard 67: What is angiogenesis in a tissue repair model?

Answer: Formation of new blood vessels to supply healing tissue. Restores blood supply needed for tissue regeneration.

Flashcard 68: Which type of stem cell can differentiate into nearly any body cell type?

Answer: Pluripotent stem cell. Has broad developmental potential except extraembryonic tissues.

Flashcard 69: Which cell structure forms spindle fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis?

Answer: Centrosome (microtubule-organizing center). Organizes microtubules that physically move chromosomes during division.

Flashcard 70: Which immune cells are typically first to arrive at a wound to reduce infection risk?

Answer: Neutrophils. Rapid responders that combat infection in damaged tissue.

Flashcard 71: Which mitosis stage has chromosomes condensing and the nuclear envelope breaking down?

Answer: Prophase. Chromosomes become visible and nuclear barrier dissolves for division.

Flashcard 72: Identify the correct model outcome: If nutrient supply drops, what happens to mitosis rate in tissues?

Answer: Mitosis rate generally decreases. Limited resources slow cell division and growth processes.

Flashcard 73: What is the function of fibrin in a wound-healing model?

Answer: Forms a mesh that stabilizes the blood clot. Protein network that strengthens and stabilizes blood clots.

Flashcard 74: Identify the stage: Sister chromatids are moving toward opposite ends of the cell.

Answer: Anaphase. Active separation phase moving chromatids to opposite poles.

Flashcard 75: What is angiogenesis in a tissue repair model?

Answer: Formation of new blood vessels to supply healing tissue. Restores blood supply needed for tissue regeneration.

Flashcard 76: Which cell structure forms spindle fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis?

Answer: Centrosome (microtubule-organizing center). Organizes microtubules that physically move chromosomes during division.

Flashcard 77: Which model explains why small organisms can exchange materials without a circulatory system?

Answer: Diffusion over short distances is sufficient. Short distances allow direct molecular exchange without transport systems.

Flashcard 78: What is the direct formula for population growth in a simple exponential model?

Answer: $N(t)=N_0e^{rt}$. Mathematical model for unlimited population growth over time.

Flashcard 79: Which option best completes the model: Mitosis makes identical cells, while meiosis makes  ?

Answer: Genetically varied gametes with half the chromosome number. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and introduces genetic variation.

Flashcard 80: Which type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair?

Answer: Mitosis. Unlike meiosis, mitosis preserves chromosome number and genetic content.

Flashcard 81: What is cytokinesis?

Answer: Division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Completes cell division by physically separating the two nuclei.

Flashcard 82: What is an organ in biological organization models?

Answer: Structure made of multiple tissues performing specific functions. Higher organization level combining different tissue types.

Flashcard 83: Which checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before separation?

Answer: Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents premature separation that would cause chromosome loss.

Flashcard 84: What is an organ system in biological organization models?

Answer: Group of organs working together to perform major functions. Highest level of functional organization in multicellular organisms.

Flashcard 85: Which mitosis stage separates sister chromatids and pulls them to opposite poles?

Answer: Anaphase. Sister chromatids separate to ensure equal genetic distribution.

Flashcard 86: Which mitosis stage has chromosomes condensing and the nuclear envelope breaking down?

Answer: Prophase. Chromosomes become visible and nuclear barrier dissolves for division.

Flashcard 87: What is the direct formula for population growth in a simple exponential model?

Answer: $N(t)=N_0e^{rt}$. Mathematical model for unlimited population growth over time.

Flashcard 88: Which feedback mechanism typically stabilizes internal conditions during tissue repair?

Answer: Negative feedback. Counteracts deviations to maintain optimal repair conditions.

Flashcard 89: Which mitosis stage aligns chromosomes at the cell equator (metaphase plate)?

Answer: Metaphase. Ensures equal chromosome distribution by central alignment.

Flashcard 90: Which cell cycle phase is primarily cell growth and normal cell function before DNA synthesis?

Answer: G$1$ phase. Cell accumulates materials and energy needed for DNA replication.

Flashcard 91: What is differentiation?

Answer: Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. Cells acquire specific roles through selective gene expression changes.

Flashcard 92: What is the M phase of the cell cycle composed of?

Answer: Mitosis and cytokinesis. Nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division creates two cells.

Flashcard 93: Which surface area-to-volume model predicts slower diffusion as an organism grows larger?

Answer: Volume increases faster than surface area as size increases. Mathematical relationship explaining size limitations in biology.

Flashcard 94: Which checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete and damage is repaired before mitosis?

Answer: G$2$ checkpoint. Confirms DNA integrity before proceeding to chromosome separation.

Flashcard 95: Which option best completes the model: Mitosis makes identical cells, while meiosis makes  ?

Answer: Genetically varied gametes with half the chromosome number. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and introduces genetic variation.

Flashcard 96: What is the function of fibrin in a wound-healing model?

Answer: Forms a mesh that stabilizes the blood clot. Protein network that strengthens and stabilizes blood clots.

Flashcard 97: Which cell cycle phase checks DNA replication and prepares the cell for mitosis?

Answer: G$2$ phase. Quality control ensures accurate DNA replication before division begins.

Flashcard 98: Which cell cycle phase replicates DNA to prepare for cell division?

Answer: S phase. DNA must be duplicated before cell division to maintain chromosome number.

Flashcard 99: What is apoptosis?

Answer: Programmed cell death that removes damaged cells. Controlled cell death prevents damaged cells from becoming harmful.

Flashcard 100: Which model explains why small organisms can exchange materials without a circulatory system?

Answer: Diffusion over short distances is sufficient. Short distances allow direct molecular exchange without transport systems.