The central dogma of biology reads that DNA goes to RNA which goes to protein. All of the following do that except for HIV, which uses reverse transcriptase in order to convert RNA to DNA which is going in reverse of the central dogma.

Given the definition that a gene is the segment of DNA necessary to create a protein, we can immediately eliminate the choices of "Poly-A tail and 5' cap" and "Length of DNA from a single chromosome." Neither of these choices correspond to a segment of DNA: the first corresponds to segments of processed mRNA, and the second to the entire length of the DNA unsegmented. Neither "DNA encoding mRNA" or "Promoter region of DNA" can be correct, as they cannot function without the other, with the promoter region allowing proteins to prepare for transcription of the DNA-encoding mRNA to be produced. 

The promoter region of DNA does not interact with the shape of the DNA around it, eliminating all choices where change in DNA shape occurs. This leaves the answer choices of "To be a template for the mRNA strand," and "To initiate transcription of a particular gene." The promoter region is not transcribed to the mRNA that it initiates, leaving the correct answer, "To initiate transcription of a particular gene." The promoter region does this by attracting transcription factors necessary for recruitment of RNA polymerase. 

The central dogma of biology occurs inside of the nucleus from DNA to modified mRNA transcripts prepared to be exported to the cytoplasm. Since the nucleus is an organelle separated from the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, those answers can be eliminated. Translation occurs on ribosomes, not transcription. It is an important distinction that transcription occurs entirely within the membranes of the nucleus, and would not be found on the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

In the central dogma of biology, DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to proteins. DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, and proteins are made up of amino acids. The only answer choice that does not fit this sequence is "RNA is transcribed into proteins." A correct statement would be that RNA is translated into proteins.

Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. No part of transcription or translation occurs in the mitochondria. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell and therefore "nucleus . . . transcribed" is the correct answer. 

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell and is the process of using DNA to build RNA. Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is the process of using RNA to build protein. No part of transcription or translation occurs in the mitochondria. Therefore "cytoplasm . . . translation" is the correct answer.

A transcription factor is a protein that binds to a specific sequence of DNA, thereby controlling the rate of transcription. Transcription factors work by binding to DNA prior to transcription and act to either increase or decrease the rate of subsequent transcription processes. Transcription factors bind to enhancer or promoter regions and may attract corepressor or coactivator proteins to the binding site, but corepressors and coactivators are not themselves transcription factors.

Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III play a role in the replication of DNA, but not in its transcription. Helicase acts to unwind the DNA strand. Primase synthesizes the RNA fragments necessary for DNA replication. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter region and builds mRNA along the template, therefore "RNA polymerase" is the correct answer.

While all of the answer choices are amino acids, only one corresponds to the "start" codon. All start codons correspond to the amino acid methionine, the most common being "AUG." Due to corresponding with the start codon, methionine will be the first amino acid laid down in every protein made in a eukaryotic cell.