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In which direction is a shoulder dislocation most likely to occur?
A shoulder dislocation occurs when the humeral head is removed from the glenoid fossa. The clavicle and coracoacromial ligament are located superior to the joint, preventing superior dislocation, and the body o the scapula is posterior to the joint, preventing posterior dislocation. Most commonly, the humeral head is pushed forward and downward. There is the least resistance to dislocation in the anterior and inferior directions; though glenohumeral dislocation can occur in other orientations, these are far less common.
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Which upper extremity nerve is at risk of injury after dislocation of the shoulder?
The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery, and can be damaged due to trauma of the upper extremity, particularly anterior-inferior shoulder dislocations. When the dislocation is reduced, placement of the humeral head can displace or damage the nerve if done improperly.
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Often in physiology, joints are described by three characteristics: their functional class, which describes the degree of mobility the joint affords; their structural class,which describes how the joint is housed; and their shape.
Which of the following correctly lists, in order, the functional class, structural class, and shape of the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges?
The joints between the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand are classified as diarthrosis (allows full motion), synovial (encased in a capsule filled with synovial fluid, true of all diarthrosis joints by default), and condyloid (ovoid in shape, sometimes received into an elliptical cavity).
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Which of the following is not generally considered to be one of the joints of the ankle?
The cuboid-metatarsal joint is a joint that connects the cuboid bone to the metatarsals, and is not generally considered part of the three major ankle joints. Instead, it is generally classified as a joint in the foot.
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Joints are often named for the two bones they connect, but sometimes bear common alternate names that give no such indication.
Which joint of the foot occurs at the meeting point of the talus and calcaneus?
The subtalar joint, also called the talocalcaneal joint, is a condyloid (plane synovial) joint that allows for the inversion/eversion mechanism of the foot, but not dorsiflexion or plantarflexion. It is sometimes combined with the navicular joint to form the talocalcaneonavicular joint when considering the motion of the whole ankle.
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Which of the following structures of the arm does not directly connect to the radiocarpal joint (wrist joint)?
The ulna is not part of the radiocarpal joint—if it were, the forces acting on the joint would prevent proper flexion and extension, limiting hand mobility and causing excessive damage from counterforces caused by the radius. Instead, a thin fibrocartiliginous ligament called the articular disk sits between the distal end of the ulna and the radiocarpal joint, allowing for a smooth, concave surface on the proximal side of the joint.
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Where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?
The glenoid cavity of the scapula is the place of articulation between the scapula and the humerus. The acromion and coracoid process are not sites of joint articulation and the olecranon is not found on the scapula, but on the ulna.
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The head of the radius articulates with which bony prominence?
The radiohumeral joint of the elbow is formed by the articulation between the head of the radius, and the capitellum of the humerus. While the trochlea of the humerus, and the olecranon fossa do form part of the elbow, they articulate with the ulna. The scaphoid does articulate with the raidius, but at the distal end of the bone.
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What kind of joint is the elbow?
The elbow is a hinge joint, as it is only about to move in one plane of motion. The thumb is a saddle joint as it can move in multiple directions. The bones of the wrist are gliding joints as they are two flat surfaces moving over each other. Lastly, the shoulder is an example of ball and socket as it has a very wide range of motion.
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Which of the following two shoulder joints work together to combine movements to allow for an increase in "reach" of the upper limb?
The sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints link two bones of the pectoral girdle to each other and to the trunk of the body. They also combine their movements to increase reach length of the upper limb. They are both synovial joints and surrounded by a joint capsule with numerous ligaments to reinforce their movements. The glenohumeral joint serves in articulation of the humerus and scapula. The Sternohumeral joint does not exist.
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Which of the following articulates with the radial head of the radius?
Radial head articulates with the radial notch. The head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch. The trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of the humerus. The radial tuberosity is the attachment site for the long head of the biceps.
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The zona orbicularis is found in which joint?
The zona orbicularis is a portion of the joint capsule of the acetabulofemoral (hip) joint. It is thought to resist distraction (pulling out) of the femur. Additionally, it is believed to help circulate synovial fluid in the joint. As you may recall, synovial fluid helps lubricate joints and provides nutrition to their articular cartilage.
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What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
The shoulder, similar to the hip is formed by a ball-and-socket joint. The ball is created by the head of the humerus, while the socket is created by the glenoid cavity. This creates a smaller, less stable version of the ball-and-socket joint in the hip
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The deep lateral rotators of the hip are sometimes called the rotator cuff of the hip. Despite this name, not all of the deep lateral rotators attach to the hip joint capsule, and not all the muscles that attach to the joint capsule laterally rotate the hip. Which muscles do not attach to the hip joint capsule?
The rectus femoris, specifically the reflected head, attaches to the anterosuperior portion of the hip capsule. The gluteus minimus attaches to the superolateral portion of the capsule. Although its contribution to the capsule is relatively small, the obturator externus attaches to the posteroinferior joint capsule. Despite contributing to dynamic hip stability by eccentrically controlling hip internal rotation, the piriformis does not attach to the hip's joint capsule.
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Which of the following is not involved in joining a rib to the sternum?
The rib bones do not directly interface with the sternum, but are linked to the sternum by regions of hyaline cartilage. The interface between the rib and the cartilage is a costochonral joint. The interface between the cartilage and the sternum is a sternocostal joint. Sternocostal joints are slightly articular synovial joints.
The sternoclavicular joint is the interface between the sternal end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum.
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Name the suture that connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone.
Fibrous joints are responsible for connecting the bones of the skull. The lambdoid suture is the fibrous joint found on the posterior portion of the skull, and is used to connect the occipital bone to the parietal bones.
The coronal suture connects the frontal bones and parietal bones. The sagittal suture joins the parietal bones to one another. The squamous suture joins the parietal and temporal bones. The metopic suture joins the two frontal bones to one another.
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Which of the following is not a joint articulation found in the thoracic cavity?
The thorax has three major articulations: sternoclavicular, sternocostal, and costochondral joints. The sternoclavicular provides a connection between the upper limbs and the axial skeleton, joining the manubrium of the sternum to the medial end of the clavicle. The sternocostal joints are the attachments between the sternum and the cartilage of ribs 1 to 7. Costochondral joints are the attachments of the ribs to their costal cartilages.
The acromioclavicular joint is formed between the acromion process of the scapula and the distal end of the clavicle. It is local to the shoulder, and is not found in the thoracic cavity.
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Which of the following pairs of vertebrae represents the location of the atlantoaxial joint in the spine?
The atlantoaxial joint, a trochoid (pivot) joint where most cervical rotation occurs, sits at the junction of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). It is the most mobile joint to occur between any two vertebrae in the human body.
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What three bones make up the shoulder joint?
The three bones that make up the shoulder joint are the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the clavicle articulates with the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. Collectively these make up the shoulder joint.
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Because of human development, this type of joint only completely fuses later in life.
The sutures of the skull are not fused at childbirth possibly to ease passage of the skull through the birth canal. Later in life the sutures fuse to form synarthroses called synostoses and offer much stronger protection of the brain. Fontanelles are the soft spots between the skull bones and will close about 18 months after birth.
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