Adaptive Immunity - Anatomy
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is attempting to upregulate the activity of macrophages in a petri dish. The macrophages have already been exposed to bacterial pathogens. The addition of which chemical to the petri dish is most likely to enhance macrophage-mediated killing?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is attempting to upregulate the activity of macrophages in a petri dish. The macrophages have already been exposed to bacterial pathogens. The addition of which chemical to the petri dish is most likely to enhance macrophage-mediated killing?
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IFN-gamma is the main chemokine produced by CD4 T-cells to promote the oxidative killing of phagocytosed organisms in macrophages. Without IFN-gamma, macrophages can still ingest pathogens, though their killing efficiency will be far reduced.
IFN-gamma is the main chemokine produced by CD4 T-cells to promote the oxidative killing of phagocytosed organisms in macrophages. Without IFN-gamma, macrophages can still ingest pathogens, though their killing efficiency will be far reduced.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Which of the following surface proteins is most likely to be used as a marker to distinguish T-lymphocytes from B-lymphocytes?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Which of the following surface proteins is most likely to be used as a marker to distinguish T-lymphocytes from B-lymphocytes?
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The CD family of surface proteins (short for cluster of differentiation) is best understood as a set of nametags to distinguish one set of cells from another. CD28 is the most commonly used marker for T-cells, as it is unique to this cell type. In contrast, B-cells use a number of other unique markers, including CD20 and CD21, among others.
CD5 is used to distinguish chronic lymphocytic leukemia from other leukemic states.
The CD family of surface proteins (short for cluster of differentiation) is best understood as a set of nametags to distinguish one set of cells from another. CD28 is the most commonly used marker for T-cells, as it is unique to this cell type. In contrast, B-cells use a number of other unique markers, including CD20 and CD21, among others.
CD5 is used to distinguish chronic lymphocytic leukemia from other leukemic states.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A team of physicians is preparing a patient for a bone marrow transplant. To prevent graft-versus-host disease, where the transplanted T-cells attack the host into which they have been introduced, the physicians make sure that the donor and host have a matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type.
Which HLA gene product interacts with receptors on CD8 T-cells most avidly?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A team of physicians is preparing a patient for a bone marrow transplant. To prevent graft-versus-host disease, where the transplanted T-cells attack the host into which they have been introduced, the physicians make sure that the donor and host have a matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type.
Which HLA gene product interacts with receptors on CD8 T-cells most avidly?
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The protein MHC I is present on the surface of all nucleated cells, and provides a means for cytotoxic CD8 T-cells to exert cell killing on any nucleated cell that becomes infected with a pathogen.
MHC II is a related protein, that is only present on antigen-presenting cells (APC). These antigen-presenting cells must interact with CD4 T-cells. As a result, we can make the generalization that CD4 T-cells interact with MHC II, restricted in expression to APCs, and CD8 T-cells interact with MHC I with far broader expression.
The protein MHC I is present on the surface of all nucleated cells, and provides a means for cytotoxic CD8 T-cells to exert cell killing on any nucleated cell that becomes infected with a pathogen.
MHC II is a related protein, that is only present on antigen-presenting cells (APC). These antigen-presenting cells must interact with CD4 T-cells. As a result, we can make the generalization that CD4 T-cells interact with MHC II, restricted in expression to APCs, and CD8 T-cells interact with MHC I with far broader expression.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Patients with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney often undergo therapy that uses an inflammatory cytokine to upregulate T-cell activity. Which of the following cytokines is most likely used as a treatmnt for clear cell carcinoma?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Patients with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney often undergo therapy that uses an inflammatory cytokine to upregulate T-cell activity. Which of the following cytokines is most likely used as a treatmnt for clear cell carcinoma?
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IL-2 is the third signal that activates T-cell activity. T-cells are initially activated by MHC/T-cell receptor binding, and then the second B7 signal further primes activity. After these two signals, the T-cell produces its own IL-2, which acts in an autocrine fashion to further accelerate T-cell proliferation.
IL-2 is the third signal that activates T-cell activity. T-cells are initially activated by MHC/T-cell receptor binding, and then the second B7 signal further primes activity. After these two signals, the T-cell produces its own IL-2, which acts in an autocrine fashion to further accelerate T-cell proliferation.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist develops a protein that is able to interrupt the normal function of CD8 T-cells, preventing them from actively killing target cells. Except for actively killing targets, T-cells behave, physically bind to target cells, and develop normally after treatment with this protein. Which protein/receptor pair interaction on CD8 T-cells is most likley being interrupted by this protein?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist develops a protein that is able to interrupt the normal function of CD8 T-cells, preventing them from actively killing target cells. Except for actively killing targets, T-cells behave, physically bind to target cells, and develop normally after treatment with this protein. Which protein/receptor pair interaction on CD8 T-cells is most likley being interrupted by this protein?
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The interaction of Fas and Fas ligand is the most direct option among these choices that drives cell killing. The remainder of the options are either not relevant to T-cells, or are involved in simple binding or development. The interaction of Fas and its ligand actually drives cell death.
The interaction of Fas and Fas ligand is the most direct option among these choices that drives cell killing. The remainder of the options are either not relevant to T-cells, or are involved in simple binding or development. The interaction of Fas and its ligand actually drives cell death.
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Which of the following is a key difference between the innate and the adaptive immune systems?
Which of the following is a key difference between the innate and the adaptive immune systems?
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The two types of immune reactions found in the human body are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is the first defense for common antigens that enter the body, and will respond to any and all foreign antigens that it detects. The adaptive immune system utilizes antibodies to fight antigens that reappear in the body during subsequent exposures, and allows the system to more uniquely attack the specific antigen. Both systems can respond to a variety of different pathogens, including bacteria and viruses.
The two types of immune reactions found in the human body are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is the first defense for common antigens that enter the body, and will respond to any and all foreign antigens that it detects. The adaptive immune system utilizes antibodies to fight antigens that reappear in the body during subsequent exposures, and allows the system to more uniquely attack the specific antigen. Both systems can respond to a variety of different pathogens, including bacteria and viruses.
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Which of the following organs is not involved in the immune response?
Which of the following organs is not involved in the immune response?
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The heart is the only organ listed that is not involved in the immune response. The thymus is the site of T-cell maturation, while bone marrow is the site of B-cell maturation. The lymph nodes and spleen are sites of blood filtration to ensure that there are no pathogens in the system.
The heart is the only organ listed that is not involved in the immune response. The thymus is the site of T-cell maturation, while bone marrow is the site of B-cell maturation. The lymph nodes and spleen are sites of blood filtration to ensure that there are no pathogens in the system.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
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The innate immune system is the general, non-specific response to pathogens. It does not involve a memory component. The adaptive immune system is the more complex, specific response to pathogens. The adaptive immune system takes longer to develop, is able to discriminate between self cells and non self cells, and has a memory component so the second reaction is a quicker response to infection.
The innate immune system is the general, non-specific response to pathogens. It does not involve a memory component. The adaptive immune system is the more complex, specific response to pathogens. The adaptive immune system takes longer to develop, is able to discriminate between self cells and non self cells, and has a memory component so the second reaction is a quicker response to infection.
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Where does the processing and maturation of T-lymphocytes occur?
Where does the processing and maturation of T-lymphocytes occur?
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The thymus is one of two primary lymphoid tissues and is the site of T cell processing, and maturation. These cells are sometimes referred to as thymocytes. The bone marrow is the other primary lymphoid tissue and is the site of B cell maturation.
The thymus is one of two primary lymphoid tissues and is the site of T cell processing, and maturation. These cells are sometimes referred to as thymocytes. The bone marrow is the other primary lymphoid tissue and is the site of B cell maturation.
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Which is an organ of the immune system?
Which is an organ of the immune system?
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Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Peripheral tissues initiate adaptive immune responses. Peripheral lymphoid organs include: lymph nodes, spleen, and the mucosal and cutaneous immune systems (ex: peyers patches in the gastrointestinal tract).
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Peripheral tissues initiate adaptive immune responses. Peripheral lymphoid organs include: lymph nodes, spleen, and the mucosal and cutaneous immune systems (ex: peyers patches in the gastrointestinal tract).
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Which of the following attaches directly to pathogens to mark them for destruction?
Which of the following attaches directly to pathogens to mark them for destruction?
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Antibodies are produced by plasma cells (mature B-cells) with specific binding affinity for surface proteins that have been presented by antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells and macrophages. Once the plasma cell is stimulated by the presence of the specific antigen, it increases production of its antibody. These antibodies enter the blood and bind the antigen molecules on the surface of the pathogen cell. Cytotoxic T-cells and cytokines can then interact with the antibodies to initiate lysis of the infected cell or pathogen.
Antibodies are produced by plasma cells (mature B-cells) with specific binding affinity for surface proteins that have been presented by antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells and macrophages. Once the plasma cell is stimulated by the presence of the specific antigen, it increases production of its antibody. These antibodies enter the blood and bind the antigen molecules on the surface of the pathogen cell. Cytotoxic T-cells and cytokines can then interact with the antibodies to initiate lysis of the infected cell or pathogen.
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Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following statements is true?
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It helps to think of antigens and antibodies like a lock and key: they are highly specific for one another. B-lymphocytes create only one type of antibody. When this antibody attaches to an antigen presented by a macrophage or antigen-presenting cell, the B-lymphocyte will differentiate with the help of a helper T-cell. The result is replication of the B-lymphocyte to produce more of the same antibody from plasma cells and generate memory B-cells to easily respond in the event of a second infection by the pathogen.
It helps to think of antigens and antibodies like a lock and key: they are highly specific for one another. B-lymphocytes create only one type of antibody. When this antibody attaches to an antigen presented by a macrophage or antigen-presenting cell, the B-lymphocyte will differentiate with the help of a helper T-cell. The result is replication of the B-lymphocyte to produce more of the same antibody from plasma cells and generate memory B-cells to easily respond in the event of a second infection by the pathogen.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
After isotype switching facilitates the production of new serum antibody types by B-cells, an experiment shows that antibodies bind more tightly to pathogens. The researcher conducting the experiment concludes that these new antibodies are more efficient at interrupting infection than were the antibodies produced immediately following initial exposure to the pathogen. Which of the following is the most likely?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
After isotype switching facilitates the production of new serum antibody types by B-cells, an experiment shows that antibodies bind more tightly to pathogens. The researcher conducting the experiment concludes that these new antibodies are more efficient at interrupting infection than were the antibodies produced immediately following initial exposure to the pathogen. Which of the following is the most likely?
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The question specifies that the antibodies in question are serum antibodies, while IgA is primarily an antibody type secreted into luminal environments. As a result, we can conclude that IgA is not likely to be involved at all in this experiment. Beyond this, you must know that IgM is the type of antibody that is produced upon initial pathogen exposure. After CD4 cells facilitate isotype switching, IgG is produced and demonstrates more robust binding.
The question specifies that the antibodies in question are serum antibodies, while IgA is primarily an antibody type secreted into luminal environments. As a result, we can conclude that IgA is not likely to be involved at all in this experiment. Beyond this, you must know that IgM is the type of antibody that is produced upon initial pathogen exposure. After CD4 cells facilitate isotype switching, IgG is produced and demonstrates more robust binding.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is conducting an experiment with a bacterial cell that stimulates an antibody response in mice. The scientist is able to isolate the particular region of the bacterial cell that generates the response and binds to the antibody. This portion of the bacterial cell is best described as the .
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is conducting an experiment with a bacterial cell that stimulates an antibody response in mice. The scientist is able to isolate the particular region of the bacterial cell that generates the response and binds to the antibody. This portion of the bacterial cell is best described as the .
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The epitope is the region of a target cell to which an antibody binds. The remaining choices are all structural regions of the antibody itself, as opposed to the target cells to which an antibody binds.
The epitope is the region of a target cell to which an antibody binds. The remaining choices are all structural regions of the antibody itself, as opposed to the target cells to which an antibody binds.
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The immune system has two components: innate (non-specific, which is internal to someone's system from birth) and adaptive (which responds to specific antigens and develops over time). Part of the adaptive system is the humoral system, which involves antibodies. How does the humoral antibody-mediated system work?
The immune system has two components: innate (non-specific, which is internal to someone's system from birth) and adaptive (which responds to specific antigens and develops over time). Part of the adaptive system is the humoral system, which involves antibodies. How does the humoral antibody-mediated system work?
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Skin is an innate external defense barrier and does not involve antibodies. Inflammation and antimicrobial proteins are innate internal defense mechanisms, and are not pathogen-specific. T-lymphocytes are adaptive cell-mediated defense mechanisms. The humoral system, though, is part of the adaptive immune system, which delivers antibodies through blood to fight antigens extracellularly.
Skin is an innate external defense barrier and does not involve antibodies. Inflammation and antimicrobial proteins are innate internal defense mechanisms, and are not pathogen-specific. T-lymphocytes are adaptive cell-mediated defense mechanisms. The humoral system, though, is part of the adaptive immune system, which delivers antibodies through blood to fight antigens extracellularly.
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Which antibody is able to cross the placenta?
Which antibody is able to cross the placenta?
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IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin that is able to cross the placenta. This is important as this immunoglobulin is able to provide passive immunity to the unborn fetus
IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin that is able to cross the placenta. This is important as this immunoglobulin is able to provide passive immunity to the unborn fetus
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MHC I is found on which cell types?
MHC I is found on which cell types?
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MHC I is found on all nucleated cells and presents antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic T cells contain CD8 receptors, which binds to MHC I. MHC II cells are found on B-lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells only. MHC II presents antigens to helper T cells, which contain CD4 receptors.
MHC I is found on all nucleated cells and presents antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic T cells contain CD8 receptors, which binds to MHC I. MHC II cells are found on B-lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells only. MHC II presents antigens to helper T cells, which contain CD4 receptors.
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What type of immunoglobulin plays an important role in the allergic response?
What type of immunoglobulin plays an important role in the allergic response?
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IgE is able to bind via the (fragment crystallizable) Fc region to mast cells and basophils. This binding allows these cells to release their granule contents involved in many allergic reactions.
IgE is able to bind via the (fragment crystallizable) Fc region to mast cells and basophils. This binding allows these cells to release their granule contents involved in many allergic reactions.
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Immunoglobin M (IgM) .
Immunoglobin M (IgM) .
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IgM is the first antibody produced during the primary immune response. It is the only immunoglobulin whose shape is a pentamer. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin class in the blood and tissue and has the ability to cross the placenta. IgE binds to basophils and mast cells and is involved in the allergic response.
IgM is the first antibody produced during the primary immune response. It is the only immunoglobulin whose shape is a pentamer. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin class in the blood and tissue and has the ability to cross the placenta. IgE binds to basophils and mast cells and is involved in the allergic response.
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A patient has A positive blood type. What type of blood can this patient receive?
A patient has A positive blood type. What type of blood can this patient receive?
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For any recipient, we must consider what antibodies they have. A patient with A positive blood has the following antibodies: anti-B For any donor, we must consider what antigens they have. The donor cannot have an antigen that matches the recipient's antibodies, or else agglutination will occur. Therefore, any B blood types will result in agglutination. The O positive person only expresses the Rh antigen, and the recipient does not express this antibody. No agglutination will occur.
For any recipient, we must consider what antibodies they have. A patient with A positive blood has the following antibodies: anti-B For any donor, we must consider what antigens they have. The donor cannot have an antigen that matches the recipient's antibodies, or else agglutination will occur. Therefore, any B blood types will result in agglutination. The O positive person only expresses the Rh antigen, and the recipient does not express this antibody. No agglutination will occur.
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