Types of Cells and Tissues - AP Biology

Cartilage, rather than bone, forms the fetal skeleton and is softer and more flexible than bone. Unlike cartilage, bone has both vascular and nervous networks running through it.

Osteoblasts contribute to the ossification process by working to build bone. They cannot do so as individual cells, but rather need to be arranged into osteons in the bone to function. Osteoblasts are regulated by a number of factors depending on the body's need for bone creation or resorption, including being inhibited by PTH.

Blood, bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are all types of connective tissue. Bone and cartilage provide the framework for the body, as well as protect the internal organs of the body. Blood is responsible for transportation of oxygen and other nutrients throughout the body. Tendons transfer the force created by muscle tissue to the bones, allowing for movement.

Connective tissue is not responsible for communicating pain to the brain, as the sensation of pain is created by signals from the nervous system. The four types of tissue are connective, epithelial, muscular, and neural.

Tissues are groups of cells that can be grouped together and classified by their form and function. There are four major types of tissues: connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous.

Connective tissue includes loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, lymph, and blood. Connective tissue can be identified as a loose arrangement of cells within an abundant extracellular matrix. The types of cells and composition of the matrix define the type of connective tissue. For example, the protein elastin is abundant in elastic connective tissue, while the protein collagen is abundant in cartilage and loose connective tissue. In blood, the matrix is composed of plasma. In bone, the matrix is composed of hydroxyapatite crystal.

Nervous tissue includes all types of neurons and neuroglia. These cells are specialized to transmit electrical signals and protect the transmission of these signals. Skin is composed of several layers of epithelium. Epithelial tissue is designed to form barriers between the body and the outside environment.

Connective tissue binds, supports, and fills spaces in the body. It consists of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. The make-up of this matrix is essential to defining the properties of the given connective tissue type. The extracellular matrix of blood is aqueous and filled with platelets and protein factors, while the matrix of bone is composed of hydroxyapatite crystal.

Connective tissue is a category of tissue in the human body that supports and connects different organs and tissues in the body. Other tissue categories in the human body include epithelial, which lines the cavities and surfaces of the organs in the body, muscle, which contracts to produce motion, and nervous tissue, which transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

The connective tissue is found throughout the body in between other tissues and cell types. Connective tissue functions to both connect and separate the different tissue types.

Connective tissue has three main components: fibers, ground substance, and cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and leukocytes). Typically, connective tissue contains a relatively low proportion of cells, and a very high proportion of ground substance and fibrous proteins, such as collagen. Blood and lymph is sometimes considered a component of connective tissue as well.

Cells are also a critical component of connective tissue and are typically suspended in the ground substance. Cells that are a part of connective tissue include fibroblasts (cells that produce fibers), mast cells (involved in histamine-mediated inflammatory response), and adipocytes (fat cells). Staining methods can show these cell types within the connective tissue. Other connective tissue cells include osteocytes (bone cells), and chondrocytes (cartilage cells).

In connective tissues, ground substance is an extracellular matrix that suspends and supports cells. Ground substance does not contain fibers and is composed mostly of water and glycoproteins.

The connective tissue includes fibers that act as a matrix and support structure for cells suspended in ground substance. These fibers are categorized as collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Collagenous fibers are the most abundant in the extracellular matrix, comprise tendons and ligaments, where play structural roles. Elastic fibers are present in areas of the body that undergo cycles of stretching and recoiling, such as arteries. Reticular fibers form meshlike networks that provide the base for other support structures.

Collagenous fibers are composed primarily of collagen. Collagenous fibers bind bones together and connect different tissues to one another. Examples of collagenous fibers include tendons, cartilage, and blood vessels.

Collagenous fibers connect tissue types and bind elements of the musculoskeletal system to one another. Types of collagenous fibers in connective tissue include blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons. Stratified epithelium is comprised of layers of epithelial cells, which function as a covering/lining to a body structure that is subject to lots of friction.

Elastic fibers are a type of fiber within the connective tissue category. These types of fibers are made up of the protein elastin and they allow tissues and organs to recoil and oppose tearing forces.

Reticular fibers are composed of collagen and form thin mesh networks that supports cells, tissues, and organs. The reticular meshwork also acts as a scaffold for other structures to anchor into.

In the human body, connective tissue has a variety of functions that allows proper function and survival. These functions include elasticity to resist tearing and stretching forces, loose tissue and ground substance that allow for the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen, and immune cells that can activate to protect the body.

In the human body, not all types of connective tissue contain fibers. Examples of non-fibrous connective tissues are blood, adipose tissue, and bone which are made of plasma and cells, fat, and mineralized extracellular matrix, respectively.

Cartilage also performs a structural function, but it is more flexible than bone. Furthermore, it doesn't have nerves or blood vessels. This explains why a broken bone heals quite well (sometimes the broken bone becomes stronger than it was before) while cartilage does not heal/regenerate nearly as fast. They both secrete matrices, and are made up of collagen and calcium salts.

Endothelial cells line the insides of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and have many important functions, including but not limited to those described in the question. One additional function of endothelial cells is involvement in blood clotting.

Endothelium generally lines fully internal pathways (such as the vascular system), while epithelium generally lines pathways that are open to the external environment (such as the respiratory and digestive systems). Nerve cells are specialized for signaling, and red blood cells are specialized for oxygen transport.

Epithelial cells compose the outside of the body, namely skin and the lining of systems that connect to the outside of the body, such as the respiratory, excretory, and digestive tracts. The stomach is part of the digestive tract, as are the intestines. Knowing that the digestive tract is lined with epithelial cells allows us to eliminate the lining of the intestine from the answer choices. Similarly, the alveoli are a part of the respiratory system and nephrons are part of the excretory system.

The lining of the heart's chambers is part of the vascular lining, which is made of endothelial cells and is not exposed to the outside environment.