Inheritance - AP Biology
Card 0 of 1302
In a case of recessive epistasis, A is epistatic to B, and B is dominant to b, which genotype will give the dominant phenotype?
In a case of recessive epistasis, A is epistatic to B, and B is dominant to b, which genotype will give the dominant phenotype?
As this is recessive epistasis, only the genotype aa will mask gene B (Aa will not mask B). BB or Bb will give the dominant phenotype as B is dominant to b. Thus, AaBb will yield the dominant phenotype.
As this is recessive epistasis, only the genotype aa will mask gene B (Aa will not mask B). BB or Bb will give the dominant phenotype as B is dominant to b. Thus, AaBb will yield the dominant phenotype.
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What is an autosome?
What is an autosome?
Autosomes are all the chromosomes that do not determine an individual's sex. X and Y chromosomes both determine sex, and are sex chromosomes. The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes.
Autosomes are all the chromosomes that do not determine an individual's sex. X and Y chromosomes both determine sex, and are sex chromosomes. The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes.
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Fertilization results in __________.
Fertilization results in __________.
The union of two gametes is called fertilization, which results in a zygote. The zygote is a diploid cell that will grow into the entire organism.
The union of two gametes is called fertilization, which results in a zygote. The zygote is a diploid cell that will grow into the entire organism.
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Which of the following is an example of a haploid cell?
Which of the following is an example of a haploid cell?
A haploid cell is a cell that possesses only a single set of chromosomes (n=23) as opposed to the double set found in somatic cells (2n=46). The gametes (sperm and ova) in humans are examples of haploid cells. Also, the zygote is formed upon fusion of two gametes, and is thus diploid.
A haploid cell is a cell that possesses only a single set of chromosomes (n=23) as opposed to the double set found in somatic cells (2n=46). The gametes (sperm and ova) in humans are examples of haploid cells. Also, the zygote is formed upon fusion of two gametes, and is thus diploid.
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A mother with type A blood and a father with type B blood have a child. What blood type is impossible for that child to have?
A mother with type A blood and a father with type B blood have a child. What blood type is impossible for that child to have?
The mother's possible genotypes for blood are AO and AA, while the father's are BO and BB; therefore, the child could have any blood type because we could receive an O allele from either parent.
The full possibilities are:
A from mother, O from father - blood type A
A from mother, B from father - blood type AB
O from mother, B from father - blood type B
O from mother, O from father - blood type O
The mother's possible genotypes for blood are AO and AA, while the father's are BO and BB; therefore, the child could have any blood type because we could receive an O allele from either parent.
The full possibilities are:
A from mother, O from father - blood type A
A from mother, B from father - blood type AB
O from mother, B from father - blood type B
O from mother, O from father - blood type O
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In a specific type of flower the genes coding for color display codominance. What would you expect the phenotype to be for a cross between a flower homozygous for white coloration and a flower homozygous for red coloration?
In a specific type of flower the genes coding for color display codominance. What would you expect the phenotype to be for a cross between a flower homozygous for white coloration and a flower homozygous for red coloration?
Codominance is a phenomenon in which the phenotypes associated with both alleles will be expressed in their entirety. This expression pattern results in mottled expression, creating distinct red and white spots for the flower. This is different than incomplete dominance, in which the two phenotypes appear to blend together.
Codominance is a phenomenon in which the phenotypes associated with both alleles will be expressed in their entirety. This expression pattern results in mottled expression, creating distinct red and white spots for the flower. This is different than incomplete dominance, in which the two phenotypes appear to blend together.
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In a population of flowers, red is dominant to white. A true-breeding white flower is crossed with a heterozygous flower. Determine the expected ratios of this cross. Given observed values: 63 white flowers, 37 red flowers, determine:
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The chi squared value
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The degrees of freedom
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The p-value
In a population of flowers, red is dominant to white. A true-breeding white flower is crossed with a heterozygous flower. Determine the expected ratios of this cross. Given observed values: 63 white flowers, 37 red flowers, determine:
-
The chi squared value
-
The degrees of freedom
-
The p-value
First, determine the expected ratios using a Punnet Square. Given that red is dominant to white, the genotype of a true-breeding white flower can be denoted rr, and the genotype of a heterozygous flower can be denoted Rr. This cross will produce 50% Rr, 50% rr. Then, converting these percentages to decimals (50%= 0.50), and multiplying by the total population size of the observed population (0.50*100), gives expected values of 50 Rr (red flowers) and 50 rr (white flowers). These expected values and the observed values can then be plugged into the chi square equation 
. The equation will be 
. Degrees of freedom is n-1, so 2-1= 1. To determine p-value, use critical values table. The chi square value of 6.76 with 1 degrees of freedom will fall between a critical value corresponding with a p-value of 0.05 and 0.025. Thus, p>0.025
First, determine the expected ratios using a Punnet Square. Given that red is dominant to white, the genotype of a true-breeding white flower can be denoted rr, and the genotype of a heterozygous flower can be denoted Rr. This cross will produce 50% Rr, 50% rr. Then, converting these percentages to decimals (50%= 0.50), and multiplying by the total population size of the observed population (0.50*100), gives expected values of 50 Rr (red flowers) and 50 rr (white flowers). These expected values and the observed values can then be plugged into the chi square equation 
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In a chi squared test, the greater the difference between the observed and expected frequencies of a trait, the ___ the p-value.
In a chi squared test, the greater the difference between the observed and expected frequencies of a trait, the ___ the p-value.
A larger difference between observed and expected values will result in a larger chi square value. Using the critical values table, for a given degrees of freedom, as chi square value increases, p-value decreases.
A larger difference between observed and expected values will result in a larger chi square value. Using the critical values table, for a given degrees of freedom, as chi square value increases, p-value decreases.
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If the p-value determined by a chi-square test is low, which is possible
If the p-value determined by a chi-square test is low, which is possible
When the p-value is equal to or below the significance level (alpha), the null hypothesis is rejected. For the p-value to be low, the chi square value would need to be large (large difference between observed and expected values). The null hypothesis would not be accepted (under no circumstance is a null hypothesis “accepted”; onlay rejected or failed to reject). The alternative hypothesis would be accepted if the p-value is equal to or below the significance level (alpha).
When the p-value is equal to or below the significance level (alpha), the null hypothesis is rejected. For the p-value to be low, the chi square value would need to be large (large difference between observed and expected values). The null hypothesis would not be accepted (under no circumstance is a null hypothesis “accepted”; onlay rejected or failed to reject). The alternative hypothesis would be accepted if the p-value is equal to or below the significance level (alpha).
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Which of the following chi square values would likely result in rejection of the null hypothesis?
Which of the following chi square values would likely result in rejection of the null hypothesis?
A larger difference between observed and expected values will result in a larger chi square value. Using the critical values table, for a given degrees of freedom, as chi square value increases, p-value decreases. A small p-value results in rejection of the null hypothesis.
A larger difference between observed and expected values will result in a larger chi square value. Using the critical values table, for a given degrees of freedom, as chi square value increases, p-value decreases. A small p-value results in rejection of the null hypothesis.
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Which is not a possible critical value of a chi square test?
Which is not a possible critical value of a chi square test?
Critical values cannot be negative. The chi squared formula 
will not result in a negative value as the numerator is squared.
Critical values cannot be negative. The chi squared formula 
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If the chi square value is larger than the critical value at a given level of significance, what can be stated?
If the chi square value is larger than the critical value at a given level of significance, what can be stated?
If the chi square value is large, this indicates a large difference between the observed and expected values. This will subsequently result in a small p-value when using the critical value table. When the p-value is equal to or smaller than the significance level (alpha), the null hypothesis is rejected.
If the chi square value is large, this indicates a large difference between the observed and expected values. This will subsequently result in a small p-value when using the critical value table. When the p-value is equal to or smaller than the significance level (alpha), the null hypothesis is rejected.
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In humans, blood type is determined by three alleles: A, B, and O. Both the A and B alleles are dominant to the O allele. When both A and B are present, however, a combined phenotype of AB results. In AB individuals, both A and B antigens are fully expressed on the cell surface. This is an example of __________.
In humans, blood type is determined by three alleles: A, B, and O. Both the A and B alleles are dominant to the O allele. When both A and B are present, however, a combined phenotype of AB results. In AB individuals, both A and B antigens are fully expressed on the cell surface. This is an example of __________.
Since the A and B alleles both seem to exert a form of dominance, this is clearly not our common example of a complete dominance scenario. We can conclude that blood type is determined by either incomplete dominance or codominance.
In incomplete dominance, both alleles exert influence to a lesser degree resulting in a "blended" phenotype. In blood type, both alleles exert their full influence together. Instead of yielding a blended phenotype, this situation results in a phenotype that is functionally equivalent to having both A and B blood types at once. The A and B alleles are codominant.
Since the A and B alleles both seem to exert a form of dominance, this is clearly not our common example of a complete dominance scenario. We can conclude that blood type is determined by either incomplete dominance or codominance.
In incomplete dominance, both alleles exert influence to a lesser degree resulting in a "blended" phenotype. In blood type, both alleles exert their full influence together. Instead of yielding a blended phenotype, this situation results in a phenotype that is functionally equivalent to having both A and B blood types at once. The A and B alleles are codominant.
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Scientists are trying to figure out the dominance hierarchy for a newly discovered plant. They have found that when a true-breeding yellow plant is crossed to a true-breeding green plant, the resulting offspring have distinct spots of yellow and green. What is the most likely explanation for this result?
Scientists are trying to figure out the dominance hierarchy for a newly discovered plant. They have found that when a true-breeding yellow plant is crossed to a true-breeding green plant, the resulting offspring have distinct spots of yellow and green. What is the most likely explanation for this result?
In the resulting offspring, both phenotypes are displayed equally. This is a classic example of codominance. If an intermediate phenotype was observed, incomplete dominance would be the correct answer.
In codominance, both alleles are considered dominant. This means that both alleles will be fully expressed in different regions, resulting in spots. In incomplete dominance neither allele is fully dominant, so both can be expressed simultaneously in a given area. The result is a blending of both alleles.
In the resulting offspring, both phenotypes are displayed equally. This is a classic example of codominance. If an intermediate phenotype was observed, incomplete dominance would be the correct answer.
In codominance, both alleles are considered dominant. This means that both alleles will be fully expressed in different regions, resulting in spots. In incomplete dominance neither allele is fully dominant, so both can be expressed simultaneously in a given area. The result is a blending of both alleles.
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The shorthorn cattle coat color exhibits codominance. If a homozygous red individual and homozygous white individual produce an offspring, what will the resulting coat color be?
The shorthorn cattle coat color exhibits codominance. If a homozygous red individual and homozygous white individual produce an offspring, what will the resulting coat color be?
In cases of codominance, the offspring have both alleles expressed at the same time. Thus, the coat color will be roa, which contains both white and red hair.
In cases of codominance, the offspring have both alleles expressed at the same time. Thus, the coat color will be roa, which contains both white and red hair.
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Blood type exhibits codominance. 
and 
are dominant alleles, and i is recessive. 
results in blood type 
, 
results in blood type 
, and i results in blood type 
. If an individual with genotype 
produces offspring with an individual with blood type 
what will be the blood type of the resulting offspring?
Blood type exhibits codominance. 
In cases of codominance, the offspring have both alleles expressed at the same time. As both 
and 
are dominant alleles, the resulting offspring will have blood type 
.
In cases of codominance, the offspring have both alleles expressed at the same time. As both 
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Epistasis controls the fur color of labradors, with the B locus controlling color (Black is dominant to brown), and E locus determining expression of B locus. This is a case of recessive masking epistasis. Which of the following is true?
Epistasis controls the fur color of labradors, with the B locus controlling color (Black is dominant to brown), and E locus determining expression of B locus. This is a case of recessive masking epistasis. Which of the following is true?
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the epistatic locus masks the effects of a gene at another locus. In this example, locus E is epistatic. As this is stated to be recessive masking epistasis, when the E locus is homozygous recessive (ee), this locus will mask the effect of the B locus (color). Thus, any combination of B/b with ee will result in yellow fur. When the E locus is heterozygous (Ee) or homozygous dominant (EE), the effect of the B locus will not be masked. Thus, BbEe will result in black fur (as black B is dominant to brown b), and the E locus does not mask the B locus here, as the E locus is heterozygous in this individual (Ee).
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the epistatic locus masks the effects of a gene at another locus. In this example, locus E is epistatic. As this is stated to be recessive masking epistasis, when the E locus is homozygous recessive (ee), this locus will mask the effect of the B locus (color). Thus, any combination of B/b with ee will result in yellow fur. When the E locus is heterozygous (Ee) or homozygous dominant (EE), the effect of the B locus will not be masked. Thus, BbEe will result in black fur (as black B is dominant to brown b), and the E locus does not mask the B locus here, as the E locus is heterozygous in this individual (Ee).
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When two genes interact, and one gene masks the expression of a second gene, the first gene is __ to the second or ___ gene
When two genes interact, and one gene masks the expression of a second gene, the first gene is __ to the second or ___ gene
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the epistatic gene masks the effects of another gene, called the hypostatic gene.
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the epistatic gene masks the effects of another gene, called the hypostatic gene.
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Which of the following is true?
Which of the following is true?
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the gene at the epistatic locus masks the effects of another gene at the hypostatic locus.
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the gene at the epistatic locus masks the effects of another gene at the hypostatic locus.
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Epistasis controls the color of squash, with the B locus controlling color (yellow is dominant to green), and E locus determining expression of B locus. This is a case of dominant epistasis. Which of the following is true?
Epistasis controls the color of squash, with the B locus controlling color (yellow is dominant to green), and E locus determining expression of B locus. This is a case of dominant epistasis. Which of the following is true?
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the epistatic locus masks the effects of a gene at another locus. In this example, locus E is epistatic. As this is stated to be dominant epistasis, when the E locus is either Ee or EE this locus will mask the effect of the B locus (color). Thus, any combination of B/b with Ee or EE will result in white squash. When the E locus is homozygous recessive (ee), the effect of the B locus will not be masked. Thus, BbEe will result in yellow squash as ee will not mask the color, and B (yellow) is dominant.
Epistasis describes the interaction of genes, where the epistatic locus masks the effects of a gene at another locus. In this example, locus E is epistatic. As this is stated to be dominant epistasis, when the E locus is either Ee or EE this locus will mask the effect of the B locus (color). Thus, any combination of B/b with Ee or EE will result in white squash. When the E locus is homozygous recessive (ee), the effect of the B locus will not be masked. Thus, BbEe will result in yellow squash as ee will not mask the color, and B (yellow) is dominant.
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