Respiratory System - AP Biology

The right lung contains three lobes: upper, middle, and lower. The left lungs contains two lobes: upper and lower. The left lung is designed to be smaller than the right in order to accommodate the heart, which is situated slightly to the left.

The alveoli are lined with a single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which allow for easy diffusion of vital gases. Basal and apical cells refer to cells located at the bottom and top of structures, respectively. Endothelial cells line the circulatory system and blood vessels. There is no formal class of cells known as "respiratory cells."

The vast majority of the surface area of an alveolus is made up of type 1 alveolar cells, which are squamous (flat), thin epithelial cells that allow rapid gas exchange between the air inside the alveoli and blood in the surrounding capillaries. The healthy adult human has millions of alveoli in his/her lungs, providing a huge total surface area across which gas can diffuse, letting oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out.

The spherical or grape-like shape of the alveoli allows for maximum contact between the alveoli and the capillaries that surround them. The alveoli are filled with air that has been taken into the lungs from the environment, so a high surface area allows for maximum contact between air from the environment and capillaries. Oxygen rapidly diffuses through the exceptionally thin alveolar walls to the capillaries, which carry hemoglobin-containing blood cells that bind to the oxygen and shuttle it around the body. Blood cells also release carbon dioxide into the alveoli and lungs, which is why this process is called gas exchange.

Capillaries are considerably smaller than alveoli; they surround the alveoli like a mesh, and are certainly not the cause of the alveoli's shape. Furthermore, though the cells of the alveoli do secrete extracellular matrix material, the cells affect the structure of the extracellular matrix, rather than the other way around. The shape of the alveoli is crucial to their function in gas exchange and cannot be considered an "accident," or the unexpected result of the shapes of other biological structures.

Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the lungs. Because rapid diffusion of gases is necessary between the capillaries and the alveoli, a very thin epithelial layer is needed. As a result, alveoli use simple squamous epithelium so that gases can easily diffuses to and from the bloodstream.

Alveoli are at the end of the respiratory pathway in humans, and act as a site of gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen).

The path of air through the respiratory tract is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. It is important to note that no gas exchange takes place in the bronchi, but does in the bronchioles, which are passageways that branch off from the main bronchi and eventually lead to alveolar ducts.

Micorvilli are found int he small intestine and act to increase the surface area in order to increase nutrient absorption. Secretory vesicles are used to transport proteins, hormones, and other molecules from a cell into the extracellular space.

Diffusion is the spontaneous process by which substances move from areas of high to low concentration. During diffusion in alveoli, the high levels of that are in the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli causes it to diffuse out of the blood vessels and into the alveoli where there are low levels of (atmospheric air is about ). In the same way, high levels of oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the area of low oxygen concentration within the blood vessels.

The alveoli's structure maximizes the efficient transfer of gas from air to the capillaries and vice versa. Therefore the contact point between air and the capillaries needs to be as thin as possible so gas has only a short distance to diffuse. Alveoli are therefore made up of a thin layer of epithelial cells that are in direct contact with endothelial cells in the capillaries.

The respiratory system allows air to enter the lungs from the outside environment and facilitates gas exchange with the blood. Air initially enters through the mouth or nose, passes through the pharynx and larynx, and enters the trachea. From the trachea, air travels through branching structures from bronchi, to bronchiole, to alveoli. Gas exchange occurs between the air in the alveoli and the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

The pharynx, located posteriorly (behind) the nasal passages and the mouth, is responsible for collecting the air that is taken in via the nose and mouth. The pharynx then passes the air to the larynx before it flows into the trachea. The trachea carries the air to the bronchioles, which end in terminal alveoli in the lungs.

After entering the nose and mouth, air is passed into the pharynx. It then travels to the larynx, which houses the vocal cords, before entering the trachea. The trachea transports the air into the thoracic cavity before branching into the primary bronchi. The right bronchus carries air to the right lung; the left bronchus carries air to the left lung. Of the given answer options, air only passes through the pharynx before entering the lungs.

Alveoli are found in the lungs and the primary site of gas exchange; however, the question specifies a structure before the air enters the lungs. The esophagus transports food, and is not involved in respiration. Nephrons are the function units of the excretory system, and are located in the kidneys.

Air enters the body through the nose or mouth, and is transferred to the pharynx (the upper portion of the throat located at the back of the mouth). The larynx is commonly called the "voice box," and is the lower portion of the throat connected to the pharynx. From there, air enters the trachea and flows into the chest. The trachea branches into two bronchi, which continue to branch and divide as the air is carried into the lungs.

The nasal passage's main function is to heat or cool air before it enters the lungs. The cilia, mucous and hair also help filter air since the respiratory system is very sensitive to allergens and infection. Also, the lungs need to be kept moist and lubricated, so dry air is damaging. No gas exchange occurs in the nasal passage, it is merely a conduction zone through which air must travel before it gets to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs with the pulmonary capillaries.

The right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has only 2 lobes to allow room for the heart. The majority of the heart is on the left side of the body since the left ventricle is the largest and thickest-walled chamber of the heart.

Anterior to the esophagus, the trachea begins at the larynx (voice box) and extends down towards the lungs where it splits into the bronchi. The trachea is a conducting structure, meaning no gas exchange occurs in the trachea. Instead, it is held open by "C" shaped rings of cartilage to allow maximum airflow between the lungs and the air in the environment.

The nose is the primary passageway of air into the lungs. Before air can safely enter the body, it must be brought to body temperature, moisturized and cleansed of any particles that could damage the respiratory system or cause infection. Mucous is produced by goblet cells. Olfaction is carried out by specialized neurons in the nose that bind to certain molecules and send information to the brain.

We know that systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and that these vessels pass through tissues, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the tissues and carbon dioxide to diffuse out into the bloodstream. We also know that veins carry blood back to the heart, which by this time is oxygen-poor due to its gas exchange with the tissues of the body. The partial pressure of oxygen in veins must be lower than it is in arteries, since the veins carry deoxygenated blood.

The remaining statements regarding gas exchange are true.

Hemoglobin is the main oxygen carrier in the human body. Each hemoglobin protein is able to carry four oxygen molecules. As the hemoglobin travels through the blood vessels of the body, the oxygen is released to tissues and used in the electron transport chain.

If oxygen is unable to bind to hemoglobin, our bodies cannot carry the needed oxygen to the tissues of the body. This can occur when carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from hemoglobin.

Oxygen is taken up from the blood by all cells to be used in ATP production. The process of cellular respiration (energy production) creates carbon dioxide as a waste product, which, if accumulated, can cause the blood to become dangerously acidic. Gases in the lungs diffuse passively into or out of the air entirely based on where the concentration is lowest. Thus, oxygen levels in the blood must be lower in concentration than those in the lungs in order for oxygen to enter the blood, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood must be higher than those in the lungs order for carbon dioxide to exit.

Hyperventilation will result in the expiration of more . It can be deduced that a greater amount of expired will cause the above equation to shift to the left. The shifting of the equation to the left will further promote the conversion of and to and . Since the body uses as a buffer, there will be a greater quantity of the bicarbonate in the body than . When the equation shifts to the left, the will deplete at a faster rate and result in a higher to ratio. A higher to ratio will cause the body's blood to become more basic (increase in pH); therefore, hyperventilation increases blood bascicity.