AP European History Flashcards: Causation Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Causation Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP European History.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered arguments for women's education and equality.

Flashcard 2: What was the Enlightenment's main focus?

Answer: Reason and individualism. Emphasized rational thinking over traditional authority and superstition.

Flashcard 3: What did the Enlightenment promote in terms of economics?

Answer: Free market and capitalism. Opposed mercantilism and promoted individual economic freedom.

Flashcard 4: Who wrote 'Leviathan'?

Answer: Thomas Hobbes. Argued for strong government to control human nature's brutality.

Flashcard 5: Which book did Isaac Newton write in 1687?

Answer: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Established the mathematical laws governing motion and gravity.

Flashcard 6: What did the Enlightenment encourage in terms of science and religion?

Answer: Separation of science and religion. Promoted secular reasoning independent of religious doctrine.

Flashcard 7: What was the Enlightenment view on education?

Answer: It should be available to all. Promoted universal literacy to spread reason and knowledge.

Flashcard 8: Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered arguments for women's education and equality.

Flashcard 9: What was Denis Diderot's contribution to the Enlightenment?

Answer: The Encyclopédie. Comprehensive reference work organizing human knowledge systematically.

Flashcard 10: Which philosopher wrote 'The Social Contract'?

Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued for popular sovereignty and the general will.

Flashcard 11: How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?

Answer: Through books, pamphlets, and salons. Print culture and intellectual networks facilitated rapid dissemination.

Flashcard 12: Who wrote 'Leviathan'?

Answer: Thomas Hobbes. Argued for strong government to control human nature's brutality.

Flashcard 13: Who proposed the heliocentric model?

Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus. Published 'On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres' in 1543.

Flashcard 14: What was Voltaire's stance on religion?

Answer: He advocated for religious tolerance. Opposed religious persecution and promoted freedom of belief.

Flashcard 15: What did Galileo Galilei improve to study the stars?

Answer: The telescope. Enhanced magnification allowed detailed observation of celestial bodies.

Flashcard 16: Which book did Isaac Newton write in 1687?

Answer: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Established the mathematical laws governing motion and gravity.

Flashcard 17: Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry'?

Answer: Antoine Lavoisier. Developed the law of conservation of mass and modern chemistry.

Flashcard 18: Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the US Constitution?

Answer: John Locke. His social contract theory influenced American founding principles.

Flashcard 19: How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?

Answer: Through books, pamphlets, and salons. Print culture and intellectual networks facilitated rapid dissemination.

Flashcard 20: What did the Enlightenment advocate for in terms of justice?

Answer: Reform of criminal justice systems. Promoted humane punishment and rehabilitation over torture.

Flashcard 21: What was John Locke known for advocating?

Answer: Natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Argued these rights are inherent and cannot be taken by government.

Flashcard 22: Who developed the laws of planetary motion?

Answer: Johannes Kepler. Proved planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles.

Flashcard 23: What is the heliocentric theory?

Answer: The theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. Challenged the geocentric model that placed Earth at the center.

Flashcard 24: What was a consequence of the Enlightenment on revolutions?

Answer: Inspired democratic revolutions. Ideas about natural rights fueled American and French Revolutions.

Flashcard 25: What role did salons play in the Enlightenment?

Answer: Centers for intellectual exchange. Facilitated discussion and spread of Enlightenment philosophy.

Flashcard 26: Which invention was crucial to the Scientific Revolution?

Answer: The printing press. Enabled rapid spread of scientific discoveries and ideas.

Flashcard 27: What did Galileo Galilei improve to study the stars?

Answer: The telescope. Enhanced magnification allowed detailed observation of celestial bodies.

Flashcard 28: Which concept did Montesquieu introduce?

Answer: Separation of powers. Divided government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Flashcard 29: Which scientific figure is known for laws of motion?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Formulated three fundamental laws describing object motion.

Flashcard 30: Which institution was most challenged during the Scientific Revolution?

Answer: The Catholic Church. Its authority over natural philosophy was directly undermined.

Flashcard 31: What did the Enlightenment criticize about monarchies?

Answer: Absolute rule and lack of representation. Challenged divine right theory and promoted popular consent.

Flashcard 32: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human rights?

Answer: Universal equality and liberty. Proclaimed all humans possess inherent dignity and rights.

Flashcard 33: How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?

Answer: It promoted reason and empirical evidence. Scientific methods became models for studying society and politics.

Flashcard 34: What did the Scientific Method rely on?

Answer: Observation and experimentation. Replaced reliance on ancient texts with direct study of nature.

Flashcard 35: Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?

Answer: Immanuel Kant. Synthesized empiricism and rationalism in German philosophy.

Flashcard 36: What was the Enlightenment view on education?

Answer: It should be available to all. Promoted universal literacy to spread reason and knowledge.

Flashcard 37: What did the Enlightenment criticize about monarchies?

Answer: Absolute rule and lack of representation. Challenged divine right theory and promoted popular consent.

Flashcard 38: Which concept did Montesquieu introduce?

Answer: Separation of powers. Divided government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Flashcard 39: What was Voltaire's stance on religion?

Answer: He advocated for religious tolerance. Opposed religious persecution and promoted freedom of belief.

Flashcard 40: Which institution was most challenged during the Scientific Revolution?

Answer: The Catholic Church. Its authority over natural philosophy was directly undermined.

Flashcard 41: What role did salons play in the Enlightenment?

Answer: Centers for intellectual exchange. Facilitated discussion and spread of Enlightenment philosophy.

Flashcard 42: Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?

Answer: Immanuel Kant. Synthesized empiricism and rationalism in German philosophy.

Flashcard 43: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in governance?

Answer: Separation of powers and democracy. Promoted checks and balances against absolute monarchy.

Flashcard 44: What was the primary cause of the Scientific Revolution?

Answer: The questioning of traditional authorities. Led to rejection of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Church-based science.

Flashcard 45: What is empiricism?

Answer: Knowledge through sensory experience. Opposed rationalism that relied on innate ideas and logic.

Flashcard 46: What was the primary cause of the Scientific Revolution?

Answer: The questioning of traditional authorities. Led to rejection of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Church-based science.

Flashcard 47: What did the Enlightenment advocate for in terms of justice?

Answer: Reform of criminal justice systems. Promoted humane punishment and rehabilitation over torture.

Flashcard 48: What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion?

Answer: Challenged the Church's authority. Scientific discoveries contradicted biblical cosmology and theology.

Flashcard 49: What was John Locke known for advocating?

Answer: Natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Argued these rights are inherent and cannot be taken by government.

Flashcard 50: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human rights?

Answer: Universal equality and liberty. Proclaimed all humans possess inherent dignity and rights.

Flashcard 51: Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the US Constitution?

Answer: John Locke. His social contract theory influenced American founding principles.

Flashcard 52: What did the Scientific Method rely on?

Answer: Observation and experimentation. Replaced reliance on ancient texts with direct study of nature.

Flashcard 53: Which scientific figure is known for laws of motion?

Answer: Isaac Newton. Formulated three fundamental laws describing object motion.

Flashcard 54: What was a consequence of the Enlightenment on revolutions?

Answer: Inspired democratic revolutions. Ideas about natural rights fueled American and French Revolutions.

Flashcard 55: Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry'?

Answer: Antoine Lavoisier. Developed the law of conservation of mass and modern chemistry.

Flashcard 56: What was the Enlightenment's main focus?

Answer: Reason and individualism. Emphasized rational thinking over traditional authority and superstition.

Flashcard 57: What is the heliocentric theory?

Answer: The theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. Challenged the geocentric model that placed Earth at the center.

Flashcard 58: Which invention was crucial to the Scientific Revolution?

Answer: The printing press. Enabled rapid spread of scientific discoveries and ideas.

Flashcard 59: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on art and culture?

Answer: Promoted neoclassicism. Emphasized classical ideals of reason, order, and virtue.

Flashcard 60: Who developed the laws of planetary motion?

Answer: Johannes Kepler. Proved planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles.

Flashcard 61: What was the impact of the Enlightenment on art and culture?

Answer: Promoted neoclassicism. Emphasized classical ideals of reason, order, and virtue.

Flashcard 62: What did the Enlightenment promote in terms of economics?

Answer: Free market and capitalism. Opposed mercantilism and promoted individual economic freedom.

Flashcard 63: Which philosopher wrote 'The Social Contract'?

Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued for popular sovereignty and the general will.

Flashcard 64: What was Denis Diderot's contribution to the Enlightenment?

Answer: The Encyclopédie. Comprehensive reference work organizing human knowledge systematically.

Flashcard 65: What did the Enlightenment emphasize in governance?

Answer: Separation of powers and democracy. Promoted checks and balances against absolute monarchy.

Flashcard 66: What scientific advancement is Galileo credited with?

Answer: Observational astronomy. Used telescopes to discover moons of Jupiter and lunar craters.

Flashcard 67: What was René Descartes' famous philosophical statement?

Answer: Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). Established the foundation of rational thought and self-awareness.

Flashcard 68: What did the Enlightenment encourage in terms of science and religion?

Answer: Separation of science and religion. Promoted secular reasoning independent of religious doctrine.

Flashcard 69: What scientific advancement is Galileo credited with?

Answer: Observational astronomy. Used telescopes to discover moons of Jupiter and lunar craters.

Flashcard 70: Who proposed the heliocentric model?

Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus. Published 'On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres' in 1543.

Flashcard 71: What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion?

Answer: Challenged the Church's authority. Scientific discoveries contradicted biblical cosmology and theology.

Flashcard 72: What was René Descartes' famous philosophical statement?

Answer: Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). Established the foundation of rational thought and self-awareness.

Flashcard 73: How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?

Answer: It promoted reason and empirical evidence. Scientific methods became models for studying society and politics.

Flashcard 74: What is empiricism?

Answer: Knowledge through sensory experience. Opposed rationalism that relied on innate ideas and logic.