When a country becomes imperialistic (an imperial power, or ruler over large territory), they take control over another country or people's economy (money/trade), social (their culture/religion/language), and political (government/leaders/rulers/laws) areas or ways of life. Often, a country takes control in order to take advantage of natural resources in an attempt to make more money and become all-powerful.

The Boxer Rebellion broke out in China in the last years of the nineteenth century and was eventually crushed by the combined efforts of local government administrators and the European powers in 1900. The rebellion broke out in China due to anger directed at the growing influence of European powers in Chinese affairs.

King Leopold II of Belgium only gained control of a small piece of Africa (Belgian Congo), and he maintained support from his subjects at home through deception. King Leopold II portrayed himself as an honorable missionary helping the natives, with a mission to better the quality of their lives. In reality, however, he gave leadership to individuals who allowed native workers who were slaves to be maimed or murdered as punishment for underperformance. Furthermore, under King Leopold's leadership, the native Congolese experienced what present-day experts would describe as genocidal acts (such as rape, violence, oppression, death, overall safety and liberty threatened).

One positive outcome from King Leopold's atrocious legacy is modern-day humanitarianism. Belgian subjects heard of his violations against human rights and activated against them.

Social Darwinism was a theory developed by Herbert Spencer, a social engineer pre-dating Charles Darwin's evolution theories. Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", meaning those that are the most fit or able should, and will, survive compared to those that are weaker.

To help justify the complete take over of other civilizations, imperialists argued that they were the more fit members of the human race and everyone else were weak and did not deserve to survive, have power/authority, or identity.

The Triangle Trade included three major passages across the Atlantic Ocean between the years 1600-1800, creating the shape of a triangle between Europe, Africa, and North America. The good listed in the question (especially raw goods, and slaves) were traded along these routes and colonial powers came to count on this trade in their economies.

Ultimately, a country would pay for its imports by way of its exports (an exchange of goods).

European leaders met in Berlin in 1884 to decide which European nations would be able to colonize which regions of Africa. Many of the boundaries they set were drawn arbitrarily, ignoring the existing ethnic and cultural boundaries of the people who already lived there.

Mali, Senegal, Guinea, and Gabon were all held within French colonial territory prior to independence. Only Algeria was considered an integral part of the French nation and French soil.

When European powers infiltrated foreign territories, the original form of the people, economy, and political ways was interrupted. In many cases, leadership was re-established by the European power taking over which caused a lot of turmoil among the natives. Large amounts of the native population died due to maltreatment and malnourishment, over-working, violence, and exposure to foreign diseases. The European powers would also completely take over profit made from the natural resources, and in many cases the natural resources would become completely exhausted and dry up.

By the time the European power left or was driven out of the territory, the native peoples' lives were so overturned that they were unable to function and fell into civil wars, further ravaging themselves.

Germany wanted to become powerful and have many colonies/territories, but they started trying too late. By the time they joined the race, England, France, Portugal, Spain, and Holland had already become the main imperial powers of Europe. Germany tried to squeeze in by undermining France or England, but their alliance was too strong. Due to this misfortune, Germany lost opportunities to make money and the tension began (especially when they attempted to take over European powers).

All of these countries came under the control of European imperialism in the nineteenth century except for Japan, which was able to maintain its independence. Japan even famously defeated the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. China was divided into spheres of European influence; India was under the direct control of the British government; and Vietnam and Laos were controlled by the French as part of the colony of French Indochina.