AP Physics 1 Flashcards: Fluids And Conservation Laws

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Fluids And Conservation Laws, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP Physics 1.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: What is the formula for calculating the volume flow rate?

Answer: $Q = Av$. Volume per time equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 2: State the relationship between fluid pressure and area.

Answer: Inversely proportional. Same force over larger area creates lower pressure.

Flashcard 3: What is the primary cause of viscosity in fluids?

Answer: Internal friction. Molecular interactions resist relative motion between fluid layers.

Flashcard 4: What is the formula for hydrostatic pressure difference?

Answer: $\Delta P = \rho g h$. Pressure change due to fluid column height and density.

Flashcard 5: State the equation for the continuity equation in fluid dynamics.

Answer: $A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$. Conservation of mass: flow rate equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 6: State the relationship between flow speed and cross-sectional area in a pipe.

Answer: Inversely proportional. Conservation of mass requires $Av$ constant in continuity equation.

Flashcard 7: State the relationship between fluid speed and pressure according to Bernoulli's principle.

Answer: Higher speed, lower pressure. Energy conservation: kinetic energy trades with pressure energy.

Flashcard 8: Calculate the volume flow rate for a pipe with $A = 0.1\, \text{m}^2$ and $v = 3\, \text{m/s}$.

Answer: $Q = 0.3\, \text{m}^3/\text{s}$. Using $Q = Av = 0.1 \times 3$.

Flashcard 9: What is the formula for buoyant force?

Answer: $F_b = \rho V g$. Upward force equals weight of displaced fluid volume.

Flashcard 10: Find the pressure at a depth of $h$ in a fluid of density $\rho$.

Answer: $P = P_0 + \rho gh$. Atmospheric pressure plus hydrostatic pressure from fluid column.

Flashcard 11: What is the Bernoulli effect?

Answer: Pressure decreases as fluid speed increases. Application of energy conservation in moving fluids.

Flashcard 12: Find the pressure at a depth of $h$ in a fluid of density $\rho$.

Answer: $P = P_0 + \rho gh$. Atmospheric pressure plus hydrostatic pressure from fluid column.

Flashcard 13: What property of a fluid determines its buoyant force?

Answer: Density of the fluid. Buoyancy depends on displaced fluid's weight per unit volume.

Flashcard 14: What is the Bernoulli effect?

Answer: Pressure decreases as fluid speed increases. Application of energy conservation in moving fluids.

Flashcard 15: What is the principle of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics?

Answer: Mass flow rate is constant. Mass entering equals mass leaving any control volume.

Flashcard 16: Identify the formula for the mass flow rate in a pipe.

Answer: $\dot{m} = \rho A v$. Mass per time flowing through cross-sectional area.

Flashcard 17: Which law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished?

Answer: Pascal's Law. Pressure changes propagate equally throughout confined fluids.

Flashcard 18: What is the density formula?

Answer: $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$. Mass divided by volume occupied.

Flashcard 19: State Bernoulli's equation.

Answer: $P + \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho gh = \text{constant}$. Energy conservation: pressure, kinetic, and potential energy sum constant.

Flashcard 20: Calculate the volume flow rate for a pipe with $A = 0.1\, \text{m}^2$ and $v = 3\, \text{m/s}$.

Answer: $Q = 0.3\, \text{m}^3/\text{s}$. Using $Q = Av = 0.1 \times 3$.

Flashcard 21: State the relationship between flow speed and cross-sectional area in a pipe.

Answer: Inversely proportional. Conservation of mass requires $Av$ constant in continuity equation.

Flashcard 22: State Bernoulli's equation.

Answer: $P + \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho gh = \text{constant}$. Energy conservation: pressure, kinetic, and potential energy sum constant.

Flashcard 23: Which law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished?

Answer: Pascal's Law. Pressure changes propagate equally throughout confined fluids.

Flashcard 24: State the equation for the continuity equation in fluid dynamics.

Answer: $A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$. Conservation of mass: flow rate equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 25: What is the principle of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics?

Answer: Mass flow rate is constant. Mass entering equals mass leaving any control volume.

Flashcard 26: What is Torricelli's theorem used for?

Answer: Calculating fluid exit speed. Determines speed of fluid exiting containers under gravity.

Flashcard 27: What property of a fluid determines its buoyant force?

Answer: Density of the fluid. Buoyancy depends on displaced fluid's weight per unit volume.

Flashcard 28: What is the formula for hydrostatic pressure difference?

Answer: $\Delta P = \rho g h$. Pressure change due to fluid column height and density.

Flashcard 29: What is the formula for pressure in fluids?

Answer: $P = \frac{F}{A}$. Force per unit area exerted by or on a fluid.

Flashcard 30: What is the SI unit for density?

Answer: Kilograms per cubic meter ($\text{kg/m}^3$). Mass divided by volume in base SI units.

Flashcard 31: What is the term for the resistance to flow in fluids?

Answer: Viscosity. Internal friction opposing relative motion in fluids.

Flashcard 32: Identify the principle that explains buoyant force.

Answer: Archimedes' Principle. Describes upward force on objects immersed in fluids.

Flashcard 33: Identify the formula for the mass flow rate in a pipe.

Answer: $\dot{m} = \rho A v$. Mass per time flowing through cross-sectional area.

Flashcard 34: Calculate the buoyant force on a $2\, \text{m}^3$ object submerged in water ($\rho = 1000\, \text{kg/m}^3$).

Answer: $F_b = 19600\, \text{N}$. Using $F_b = \rho Vg = 1000 \times 2 \times 9.8$.

Flashcard 35: What happens to fluid pressure as depth increases?

Answer: Pressure increases. Weight of fluid column above creates greater pressure.

Flashcard 36: State the relationship between fluid pressure and area.

Answer: Inversely proportional. Same force over larger area creates lower pressure.

Flashcard 37: What is Torricelli's theorem used for?

Answer: Calculating fluid exit speed. Determines speed of fluid exiting containers under gravity.

Flashcard 38: What is the SI unit for density?

Answer: Kilograms per cubic meter ($\text{kg/m}^3$). Mass divided by volume in base SI units.

Flashcard 39: Calculate the density if mass $m = 500\, \text{kg}$ and volume $V = 2\, \text{m}^3$.

Answer: $\rho = 250\, \text{kg/m}^3$. Using $\rho = \frac{m}{V} = \frac{500}{2}$.

Flashcard 40: Calculate the buoyant force on a $2\, \text{m}^3$ object submerged in water ($\rho = 1000\, \text{kg/m}^3$).

Answer: $F_b = 19600\, \text{N}$. Using $F_b = \rho Vg = 1000 \times 2 \times 9.8$.

Flashcard 41: What is the effect of temperature on fluid viscosity?

Answer: Viscosity decreases with temperature. Higher temperature reduces intermolecular forces and friction.

Flashcard 42: What is the effect of temperature on fluid viscosity?

Answer: Viscosity decreases with temperature. Higher temperature reduces intermolecular forces and friction.

Flashcard 43: What is the primary cause of viscosity in fluids?

Answer: Internal friction. Molecular interactions resist relative motion between fluid layers.

Flashcard 44: What happens to fluid pressure as depth increases?

Answer: Pressure increases. Weight of fluid column above creates greater pressure.

Flashcard 45: State the formula derived from Torricelli's theorem.

Answer: $v = \sqrt{2gh}$. Speed equals free-fall velocity from height $h$.

Flashcard 46: State the relationship between fluid speed and pressure according to Bernoulli's principle.

Answer: Higher speed, lower pressure. Energy conservation: kinetic energy trades with pressure energy.

Flashcard 47: Determine the force exerted by a fluid on a dam with $A = 100\, \text{m}^2$ and $P = 5000\, \text{Pa}$.

Answer: $F = 500000\, \text{N}$. Using $F = PA = 5000 \times 100$.

Flashcard 48: What is the formula for pressure in fluids?

Answer: $P = \frac{F}{A}$. Force per unit area exerted by or on a fluid.

Flashcard 49: What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

Answer: Pascal (Pa). Named after Blaise Pascal, equals one newton per square meter.

Flashcard 50: Identify the principle that explains buoyant force.

Answer: Archimedes' Principle. Describes upward force on objects immersed in fluids.

Flashcard 51: What is the density formula?

Answer: $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$. Mass divided by volume occupied.

Flashcard 52: What is the term for the resistance to flow in fluids?

Answer: Viscosity. Internal friction opposing relative motion in fluids.

Flashcard 53: Identify the term for fluids with zero viscosity.

Answer: Ideal fluids. Theoretical fluids with no internal friction or energy loss.

Flashcard 54: Determine the force exerted by a fluid on a dam with $A = 100\, \text{m}^2$ and $P = 5000\, \text{Pa}$.

Answer: $F = 500000\, \text{N}$. Using $F = PA = 5000 \times 100$.

Flashcard 55: Identify the term for fluids with zero viscosity.

Answer: Ideal fluids. Theoretical fluids with no internal friction or energy loss.

Flashcard 56: What is the formula for calculating the volume flow rate?

Answer: $Q = Av$. Volume per time equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 57: What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

Answer: Pascal (Pa). Named after Blaise Pascal, equals one newton per square meter.

Flashcard 58: State the formula derived from Torricelli's theorem.

Answer: $v = \sqrt{2gh}$. Speed equals free-fall velocity from height $h$.