AP Psychology Flashcards: Intelligence And Achievement

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Intelligence And Achievement, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP Psychology.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: What does 'validity' mean in the context of testing?

Answer: Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Valid tests actually measure their intended construct.

Flashcard 2: Define 'fluid intelligence'.

Answer: Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems and think abstractly. Peaks in early adulthood then gradually declines with age.

Flashcard 3: What does 'nonverbal intelligence' assess?

Answer: Nonverbal intelligence assesses reasoning and problem-solving without language. Uses visual and spatial tasks rather than verbal items.

Flashcard 4: Which test measures emotional intelligence?

Answer: The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). MSCEIT uses ability-based assessment rather than self-report.

Flashcard 5: What is 'criterion-referenced' testing?

Answer: Criterion-referenced tests measure performance against a fixed set of criteria. Performance judged against absolute standards, not others.

Flashcard 6: What is the focus of aptitude tests?

Answer: Aptitude tests measure potential to learn or perform tasks. Aptitude predicts future learning or performance capacity.

Flashcard 7: What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?

Answer: IQ is a measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others. IQ compares individual performance to age-matched peers.

Flashcard 8: What is 'content validity'?

Answer: Content validity is the extent to which a test represents the subject matter. Content validity ensures comprehensive coverage of the domain.

Flashcard 9: Define 'crystallized intelligence'.

Answer: Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use learned knowledge and experience. Remains stable or increases throughout the lifespan.

Flashcard 10: Identify a characteristic of creativity.

Answer: Originality is a characteristic of creativity. Along with flexibility, fluency, and elaboration.

Flashcard 11: What is the focus of aptitude tests?

Answer: Aptitude tests measure potential to learn or perform tasks. Aptitude predicts future learning or performance capacity.

Flashcard 12: Identify the creator of the first intelligence test.

Answer: Alfred Binet created the first intelligence test. Binet developed it in 1905 to identify students needing help.

Flashcard 13: What is 'criterion-referenced' testing?

Answer: Criterion-referenced tests measure performance against a fixed set of criteria. Performance judged against absolute standards, not others.

Flashcard 14: What is 'cultural bias' in testing?

Answer: Cultural bias occurs when a test favors certain cultural groups over others. Unfair advantages for some cultural backgrounds over others.

Flashcard 15: What is 'standard deviation' in the context of IQ scores?

Answer: Standard deviation measures the dispersion of IQ scores around the mean. Most IQ tests use a standard deviation of 15 points.

Flashcard 16: Define 'standardization' in the context of testing.

Answer: Standardization involves administering tests under consistent conditions. Ensures fair comparison across all test-takers.

Flashcard 17: What is 'content validity'?

Answer: Content validity is the extent to which a test represents the subject matter. Content validity ensures comprehensive coverage of the domain.

Flashcard 18: What is 'test-retest reliability'?

Answer: Test-retest reliability is the consistency of scores over time. Same test given twice to assess temporal stability.

Flashcard 19: What is the primary goal of intelligence tests?

Answer: To assess an individual's cognitive abilities and potential. Intelligence tests evaluate thinking skills and reasoning ability.

Flashcard 20: What is the primary goal of intelligence tests?

Answer: To assess an individual's cognitive abilities and potential. Intelligence tests evaluate thinking skills and reasoning ability.

Flashcard 21: Identify a key factor in emotional intelligence.

Answer: Self-awareness is a key factor in emotional intelligence. Understanding one's own emotions is foundational to EI.

Flashcard 22: What does the term 'g factor' refer to in intelligence?

Answer: The 'g factor' refers to general intelligence. Spearman's concept of unified cognitive ability underlying all tasks.

Flashcard 23: What does 'inter-rater reliability' measure?

Answer: Inter-rater reliability measures consistency among different evaluators. Agreement between different scorers on the same responses.

Flashcard 24: Identify one method to improve test reliability.

Answer: Using standardized procedures can improve test reliability. Consistent administration reduces measurement error.

Flashcard 25: Which test is used to measure adult intelligence?

Answer: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). WAIS is the most widely used adult intelligence assessment.

Flashcard 26: Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer: Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner challenged traditional views with his eight distinct intelligences.

Flashcard 27: How is 'mental age' determined?

Answer: Mental age is determined by the level of performance on an intelligence test. Based on the difficulty level of problems solved correctly.

Flashcard 28: What is 'cultural bias' in testing?

Answer: Cultural bias occurs when a test favors certain cultural groups over others. Unfair advantages for some cultural backgrounds over others.

Flashcard 29: What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?

Answer: IQ is a measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others. IQ compares individual performance to age-matched peers.

Flashcard 30: What is 'standard deviation' in the context of IQ scores?

Answer: Standard deviation measures the dispersion of IQ scores around the mean. Most IQ tests use a standard deviation of 15 points.

Flashcard 31: What is 'verbal comprehension' in intelligence testing?

Answer: Verbal comprehension measures understanding and use of language. Key component of the WAIS verbal intelligence scale.

Flashcard 32: What is the purpose of the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer: To measure intelligence and cognitive abilities in children and adults. One of the most widely used individual intelligence tests.

Flashcard 33: What is 'construct validity'?

Answer: Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures the intended concept. Assesses whether the test measures the theoretical construct.

Flashcard 34: What does the term 'g factor' refer to in intelligence?

Answer: The 'g factor' refers to general intelligence. Spearman's concept of unified cognitive ability underlying all tasks.

Flashcard 35: Name three types of intelligence in Gardner's theory.

Answer: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, and Spatial. These are three of Gardner's eight distinct intelligence types.

Flashcard 36: What is the purpose of the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer: To measure intelligence and cognitive abilities in children and adults. One of the most widely used individual intelligence tests.

Flashcard 37: What is 'internal consistency' in testing?

Answer: Internal consistency refers to how well test items measure the same construct. All items should correlate with the total score.

Flashcard 38: What is 'criterion-related validity'?

Answer: Criterion-related validity is how well one measure predicts an outcome. This type includes predictive and concurrent validity.

Flashcard 39: List the three components of Sternberg's triarchic theory.

Answer: Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. These three components work together in Sternberg's model.

Flashcard 40: What does 'validity' mean in the context of testing?

Answer: Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Valid tests actually measure their intended construct.

Flashcard 41: What does 'norm-referenced' mean?

Answer: Norm-referenced tests compare an individual's performance to a group. Scores are interpreted relative to a normative sample.

Flashcard 42: Which test is used to measure adult intelligence?

Answer: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). WAIS is the most widely used adult intelligence assessment.

Flashcard 43: State the formula for calculating IQ in children.

Answer: IQ = $\frac{\text{mental age}}{\text{chronological age}} \times 100$. Terman's original formula comparing mental to chronological age.

Flashcard 44: What does 'norm-referenced' mean?

Answer: Norm-referenced tests compare an individual's performance to a group. Scores are interpreted relative to a normative sample.

Flashcard 45: Define 'emotional intelligence'.

Answer: Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. EI focuses on understanding and managing emotions effectively.

Flashcard 46: Which test measures emotional intelligence?

Answer: The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). MSCEIT uses ability-based assessment rather than self-report.

Flashcard 47: What is the primary focus of achievement tests?

Answer: Achievement tests measure knowledge and skills in specific areas. Achievement tests assess what has been learned or mastered.

Flashcard 48: Which psychologist developed the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer: Lewis Terman developed the Stanford-Binet test. Terman adapted Binet's test for American populations.

Flashcard 49: List the three components of Sternberg's triarchic theory.

Answer: Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. These three components work together in Sternberg's model.

Flashcard 50: What is 'criterion-related validity'?

Answer: Criterion-related validity is how well one measure predicts an outcome. This type includes predictive and concurrent validity.

Flashcard 51: How is reliability defined in testing?

Answer: Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results. Reliable tests produce similar results when repeated.

Flashcard 52: Identify one method to improve test reliability.

Answer: Using standardized procedures can improve test reliability. Consistent administration reduces measurement error.

Flashcard 53: How is 'mental age' determined?

Answer: Mental age is determined by the level of performance on an intelligence test. Based on the difficulty level of problems solved correctly.

Flashcard 54: How can cultural bias in tests be reduced?

Answer: Using culturally neutral questions can reduce bias. Culture-fair items reduce unfair cultural advantages.

Flashcard 55: What is 'construct validity'?

Answer: Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures the intended concept. Assesses whether the test measures the theoretical construct.

Flashcard 56: Define 'fluid intelligence'.

Answer: Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems and think abstractly. Peaks in early adulthood then gradually declines with age.

Flashcard 57: What does 'inter-rater reliability' measure?

Answer: Inter-rater reliability measures consistency among different evaluators. Agreement between different scorers on the same responses.

Flashcard 58: Identify a characteristic of creativity.

Answer: Originality is a characteristic of creativity. Along with flexibility, fluency, and elaboration.

Flashcard 59: What is the primary focus of achievement tests?

Answer: Achievement tests measure knowledge and skills in specific areas. Achievement tests assess what has been learned or mastered.

Flashcard 60: What is the definition of intelligence?

Answer: Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge. This is the standard definition emphasizing cognitive capacity.

Flashcard 61: How is reliability defined in testing?

Answer: Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results. Reliable tests produce similar results when repeated.

Flashcard 62: Identify a key factor in emotional intelligence.

Answer: Self-awareness is a key factor in emotional intelligence. Understanding one's own emotions is foundational to EI.

Flashcard 63: What does 'nonverbal intelligence' assess?

Answer: Nonverbal intelligence assesses reasoning and problem-solving without language. Uses visual and spatial tasks rather than verbal items.

Flashcard 64: Define 'emotional intelligence'.

Answer: Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. EI focuses on understanding and managing emotions effectively.

Flashcard 65: Define 'crystallized intelligence'.

Answer: Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use learned knowledge and experience. Remains stable or increases throughout the lifespan.

Flashcard 66: How can cultural bias in tests be reduced?

Answer: Using culturally neutral questions can reduce bias. Culture-fair items reduce unfair cultural advantages.

Flashcard 67: What is the definition of intelligence?

Answer: Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge. This is the standard definition emphasizing cognitive capacity.

Flashcard 68: What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer: The Flynn Effect is the observed rise in average IQ scores over time. Named after James Flynn, who documented this generational trend.

Flashcard 69: State the formula for calculating IQ in children.

Answer: IQ = $\frac{\text{mental age}}{\text{chronological age}} \times 100$. Terman's original formula comparing mental to chronological age.

Flashcard 70: Which psychologist is known for the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer: Robert Sternberg is known for the triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg proposed three distinct types of intellectual ability.

Flashcard 71: What is 'test-retest reliability'?

Answer: Test-retest reliability is the consistency of scores over time. Same test given twice to assess temporal stability.

Flashcard 72: Which psychologist developed the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer: Lewis Terman developed the Stanford-Binet test. Terman adapted Binet's test for American populations.

Flashcard 73: What is 'internal consistency' in testing?

Answer: Internal consistency refers to how well test items measure the same construct. All items should correlate with the total score.

Flashcard 74: Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer: Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner challenged traditional views with his eight distinct intelligences.

Flashcard 75: What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer: The Flynn Effect is the observed rise in average IQ scores over time. Named after James Flynn, who documented this generational trend.

Flashcard 76: Define 'standardization' in the context of testing.

Answer: Standardization involves administering tests under consistent conditions. Ensures fair comparison across all test-takers.

Flashcard 77: Name three types of intelligence in Gardner's theory.

Answer: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, and Spatial. These are three of Gardner's eight distinct intelligence types.

Flashcard 78: Identify the creator of the first intelligence test.

Answer: Alfred Binet created the first intelligence test. Binet developed it in 1905 to identify students needing help.

Flashcard 79: Which psychologist is known for the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer: Robert Sternberg is known for the triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg proposed three distinct types of intellectual ability.

Flashcard 80: What is 'verbal comprehension' in intelligence testing?

Answer: Verbal comprehension measures understanding and use of language. Key component of the WAIS verbal intelligence scale.