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Internal review boards (IRBs) set ethical guidelines for institutional research. Which of the following studies have been considered unethical by modern standards?
Modern IRBs have set standards for the ethical treatment of subjects. Each of the studies listed violated the regulations set by IRBs. Milgram’s use of deception violated the rights of his subjects and may have exposed them to unnecessary mental anguish. Zimbardo’s prison experiment was not terminated after “prison guards” inhumanely abused “inmates,” which resulted in both physical and mental harm of subject’s well being. Last, researchers in the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment did not provide treatments to subjects in order to observe the final stages of the disease, which resulted in the death and suffering of many individuals. Each of these violated the rights of subjects involved in varying degrees.
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Internal review boards (IRBs) set ethical guidelines for institutional research. Which of the following studies have been considered unethical by modern standards?
Modern IRBs have set standards for the ethical treatment of subjects. Each of the studies listed violated the regulations set by IRBs. Milgram’s use of deception violated the rights of his subjects and may have exposed them to unnecessary mental anguish. Zimbardo’s prison experiment was not terminated after “prison guards” inhumanely abused “inmates,” which resulted in both physical and mental harm of subject’s well being. Last, researchers in the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment did not provide treatments to subjects in order to observe the final stages of the disease, which resulted in the death and suffering of many individuals. Each of these violated the rights of subjects involved in varying degrees.
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"There are ten primary needs which all people have; however, neurotic people possess them in excess." Which of the following theorists would most likely make this statement?
In addition to her "ten needs" theory, Karen Horney is also considered to be the founder of feminine psychology. Feminine psychology was a direct response to her disagreements with Sigmund Freud's theories of penis envy and the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis.
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Which of the following psychologists is correctly matched with the concept that he/she developed?
Noam Chomsky—a major figure in cognitive psychology and linguistics—challenged behavioral theories of language development, and instead argued for the idea that children possess an innate ability to acquire language.
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Early psychologists depended highly on the concept of phrenology, which of the following statements accurately describes the belief behind phrenology?
Phrenology was used to determine which psychological faculties a person possessed based on the bumps, divots, and shape of their skull. Phrenologists would place a person’s skull in their hand and feel for areas they believed to correspond with the brain’s functions. Phrenologists would also examine the skulls of the deceased and identify patterns in order to determine differences between male and female intelligence.
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Which of the following theorists is known for studying moral development in children?
Kohlberg and Piaget are two theorists that studied moral development. Kohlberg described three stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. On the other hand, Vygotsky is associated with cognitive development and the zone of proximal development. Erikson developed the psychosocial stages of development, which focus on specific crises that people encounter at each stage of life. Harlow studied contact comfort among rhesus monkeys. Bandura studied social learning theory and developed theories on observational learning and self-efficacy.
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Which of the following is best described as the seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth—tabula rasa?
"John Locke" was the seventeenth philosopher that created the concept known as tabula rosa. He believed that the mind was a blank slate and the experiences we have shape who we will become.
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Which psychologist's theory included the creation of concepts such as the electra complex, the superego, and defense mechanisms?
Freud's theory included the Electra complex (the female version of the Oedipal Complex, where a child is sexually attracted to their opposite sex parent and is furious at their same sex parent), the Superego (one of the three parts of the personality which is the moralistic ideal of personality), and defense mechanisms (unconscious strategies people use to defend against harm, including repression, deflection, and denial). Pavlov is associated with behavioralism (specifically with conditioning in dogs). Yalom is associated with existential theory. Rogers is associated with person-centered therapy (humanistic therapy).
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) encompasses all of the following except which of the following?
Existential therapy is a humanistic therapy. It does not have a defined technique and it focuses more on existential questions (What do I want from life? How do I want to live my life? etc.) than changing any sort of cognitions or behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapies encompass Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, Meichenbaum's cognitive behavioral modification, and Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy.
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Which psychologist was the first to record therapy sessions for research purposes?
All of these therapists have conducted research on their theories. Freud specifically used case studies to do research. Rogers is known as the father of psychotherapy research for this groundbreaking new way of studying the therapy process. He recorded sessions and used this as material for research.
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Which of the following therapeutic theories are associated with the ideas of "must-erbation" and "should-ing all over yourself"?
REBT holds that problems arise when people believe they SHOULD or MUST be a certain way in order to get other people to accept them. Albert Ellis used crude humor to get his points across. He utilized these phrases as a way to describe these tendencies.
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Which of the following terms describes a study design in which several groups of different ages are studied over a period of several years?
Sequential cohort studies are a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional methods insofar as they compare the behaviors or attitudes of specific groups of people over an extended time period.
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Why is it inappropriate to infer casual conclusions from correlative data?
Correlations explain the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables; however, these relationships do not indicate direct causality. For instance, the relationship can be caused by a third variable, called a confounding variable. Correlations—no matter how strong—do not imply causation.
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Which of the following is not a common difficulty associated with the double-blind study protocol?
In a double-blind protocol, both the research participants and the researchers engaging in the study are unaware of which participants are in the control group and which are in the experimental group. This actually makes subsequent meta-analysis of the double-blinded results easier, as a correctly applied double-blindness will remove any of the researcher's biases from the results.
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Melanie is a regular customer at a gun range, where she shoots paper targets with three different types of guns: a rifle, a pistol, and a shotgun. When firing the rifle, Melanie notices that her shots nearly always hit the target, but are evenly spread out throughout the paper's surface. When firing the pistol, Melanie's shots are all grouped within a few inches of each other, with the group overlaying the bull’s-eye on the target. When firing the shotgun, Melanie's shots are also tightly grouped, but the groups of shots are all slightly above the bull’s-eye. Which of the following terms is best describes Melanie's performance with the shotgun compared to her performance with the pistol?
Reliability is the ability of a measure, test, or effect to produce the same result upon repeated trials. In this case reliability was analogous to the grouping of shots on the target irrespective of the placement of the group. Validity is the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure or of a treatment to produce the effect it is purported to produce. In this case validity was analogous to the placement of shots on the target—the closer to the bull’s-eye, the more valid the shots.
In the scenario, the shots from the pistol—which hit both the target on the bull’s-eye and were grouped closely together—are valid and reliable. On the other hand, the shotgun shots—which are only grouped together but are not accurate to the bull’s-eye—are equally reliable but less valid.
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A sample of players on a baseball team are chosen to be drug tested. Which of the following methods could league officials use to ensure that the players are randomly selected?
Random selection allows all of the players on the team to have an equal chance of being chosen for testing. Choosing to test only players of a certain age or position, or only testing those that volunteer or have reached a certain statistical benchmark, would exclude a number of the players on the roster from having a chance to be chosen.
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Dana is participating in a study that asks her to press a red button every time the computer screen in front of her shows a letter X.
The computer screen shows a letter "T." Dana presses the red button. Dana's response is considered to be which of the following?
A false alarm is a response that says the target stimulus (in this case, the letter X) has been detected when that stimulus is not present.
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Dr. Crawford believes she has invented a pill to help with student memorization. For a trial experiment, she gathered two groups of twenty students. She gave the twenty students in Group A the “smart pill”, and the twenty students in Group B a sugar pill. After waiting five minutes, both groups of students were given a list of forty words, and were instructed to memorize the entire list in any order. The students were given five minutes to memorize the list. The students were then asked to verbally recite all of the words they could remember in any order within three minutes.
Group A recited an average of fifteen words, while Group B recited an average of ten words.
In this experiment, what is the independent variable?
The independent variable is what the researcher manipulates in order to test his or her hypothesis. In this experiment, Dr. Smart gave one group the smart pill and the other group a sugar pill in order to evaluate the smart pill's effect on student memorization.
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Dr. Crawford believes she has invented a pill to help with student memorization. For a trial experiment, she gathered two groups of twenty students. She gave the twenty students in Group A the “smart pill”, and the twenty students in Group B a sugar pill. After waiting five minutes, both groups of students were given a list of forty words, and were instructed to memorize the entire list in any order. The students were given five minutes to memorize the list. The students were then asked to verbally recite all of the words they could remember in any order within three minutes.
Group A recited an average of fifteen words, while Group B recited an average of ten words.
In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?
The dependent variable is the item actually being measured or analyzed the support or reject the hypothesis. The dependent variable measures the effect of the independent variable.
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Dr. Crawford believes she has invented a pill to help with student memorization. For a trial experiment, she gathered two groups of twenty students. She gave the twenty students in Group A the “smart pill”, and the twenty students in Group B a sugar pill. After waiting five minutes, both groups of students were given a list of forty words, and were instructed to memorize the entire list in any order. The students were given five minutes to memorize the list. The students were then asked to verbally recite all of the words they could remember in any order within three minutes.
Group A recited an average of fifteen words, while Group B recited an average of ten words.
Group A is the __________.
The experimental group is the group assigned to measure the effect of the independent variable. Students in Group A were given the smart pill, and thus their results will be analyzed to measure the effect it had on student memorization.
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