North and South America - AP World History: Modern

The Monroe Doctrine was issued in 1823 following the independence of several South American countries. It stated that if the European powers tried to reestablish colonial control over South or Central America then the United States would intervene.

The Dutch were the first to found colonies in the Hudson River Valley, the area comprising most of modern-day New York. They founded the colony of New Amsterdam, which would become New York City, in the early seventeenth century.

The Vikings, led by the famous Leif Erikson, are believed to have arrived in what is modern-day Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the eleventh century, four centuries before the arrival of the Dutch, English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.

The first European colonies in the New World were established in Hispaniola on the initial voyages of Columbus in 1492 and 1493. The island of Hispaniola is now shared by the modern-day countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Manifest Destiny is an important and influential mythology of the early American Republic. Proponents of Manifest Destiny argued that the United States was fated to spread and expand across the whole North American conflict. Manifest Destiny was an important driving myth in the massive westward expansion of American settlers in the nineteenth century.

The Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, was an 18th century political group that proposed a strong central federal government.

The Triple Alliance was the association of Tenochtitlan, Texoco, and Tlacopan, three city states in Central Mexico that came together in the early 1400s CE. This association ruled over much of central Mexico for the next hundred years, with authority vested in the king of Tenochtitlan, although most associated city states had some authority. When Hernan Cortes first encountered and then conquered the Alliance in the early sixteenth century, he and his fellow Spaniards related to it as an "Empire," which they named after the largest ethnic group in the Alliance, the Azteca.

Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France, invaded Spain in 1807, deposing the King and throwing the country into general chaos. This dissolution of authority made colonial governments assert their own authority over their own lands. By 1833, when King Ferdinand VII of Spain died and the Spanish government renounced claims, only Puerto Rico and Cuba remained as Spanish possessions in the Americas.

Benito Juarez served as President of Mexico on numerous occasions in the mid-nineteenth century. Amongst other things, he resisted French occupation of Mexico, encouraged liberal reforms, and overthrew the Second Mexican Empire and restored the Republic.

The Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the United States and often called the First Real World War by some historians) was fought between the empires of Britain and France from 1756 to 1763. At the time, England and France had massive territorial holdings throughout the world, and there were very few geographic locations that were untouched by the conflict.

The Seven Years' War was fought between England and France from 1756 to 1763. In the United States, the conflict is more commonly called the French and Indian War. The conflict had many direct consequences across the globe, notably the British gaining the Indian subcontinent from France, the reduction of French influence in North America, and deteriorating relationships between the American colonies and Britain. Many colonists resented the British imposition of taxes, tariffs, and quartering laws, whereas in Britain many people felt that the war had been fought in part to protect the colonists from French and Native American invasion, and therefore the colonists ought to help pay for the conflict. The relationship between the colonies and the metropole would never heal, and the build-up of tension eventually led to the American War of Independence, also called the American Revolutionary War.

Pedro II was the second and last Emperor of Brazil. He reigned from 1831 to 1889 and oversaw much of the country’s progression from a former slave colony to a multicultural and relatively liberal society. Pedro II is well known for his commitment to free speech, economic growth, and civil rights. He was also a long-time opponent of the institution of slavery and oversaw its abolition in the waning years of his reign.

At the outbreak of Civil War, the industrial economy of the North was far more developed than the economy of the South, which was still a largely agrarian or plantation-based economy. The population of the North was much higher than the population of the South, and therefore the North had greater political influence. It is actually not true that the majority of people in the South owned slaves; it was a very small minority, but a prominent minority.

The Civil War was roughly divided evenly into sides of the North and the South, so any of these states that are Southern states would be Confederate states. This includes Virginia, Texas, North Carolina, and Georgia. Not listed but also Confederate states during the Civil War were Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Ohio would have been a Union state during the Civil War.

The Second Great Awakening was a revival of Protestant Christianity in the 1790s and early nineteenth century. It was particularly prominent in the formerly Puritan Northeast. The Second Great Awakening was a social movement that involved a return to religious teachings and guidance on Protestant way of life.

Sherman’s March to the Sea is a famous and important military campaign that took place during the Civil War. Sherman marched his Union army from Atlanta to Savannah in Georgia in a little over a month, destroying vital Confederate infrastructure and supply lines. The troops also destroyed farmland and civilian property.

The President of the Confederacy during the Civil War was Jefferson Davis.

The Battle of Fort Sumter was the first battle of the Civil War, in early April, 1861. It took placed at Fort Sumter in South Carolina where the Confederate forces attacked a Union base. The Battles of Marne and the Somme are both infamous battles of World War One, renowned for widespread death and bloodshed.

Sherman’s March to the Sea was a Union military campaign of the Civil War. Union troops, led by William Tecumseh Sherman, marched from Atlanta to Savannah, in Georgia, attacking civilian property, farmland, Confederate infrastructure, and supply lines. It is considered an important campaign in the history of the Civil War and in the history of military campaigns in general as an early example of a scorched-earth policy of warfare.

Reconstruction is the term used to refer to the period of time in the South immediately after the end of the Civil War and lasting for several decades. In the Reconstruction period the South was integrated back into American politics, social life, and economics. It was also a time of massive social change as freed slaves were either integrated or prevented from integration by discriminating laws.