Explicit Information Retrieval Practice Test

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their genetic code. Developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984, this method analyzes specific regions of DNA that vary greatly between individuals, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). The process begins with extracting DNA from biological samples such as blood, hair, or saliva. The DNA is then cut into fragments using restriction enzymes, and these fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis. The resulting pattern of DNA bands is unique to each individual, much like a fingerprint. DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science, allowing investigators to solve cold cases, identify victims of mass disasters, and exonerate wrongfully convicted individuals. The technique is so precise that the probability of two unrelated individuals having the same DNA profile is approximately one in several billion.

The ancient city of Pompeii was buried under volcanic ash and pumice when Mount Vesuvius erupted on August 24, 79 AD. The eruption happened so quickly that many residents were caught in their daily activities, preserving a detailed snapshot of Roman life. Excavations began in 1748 and have revealed remarkably well-preserved buildings, artwork, and even the forms of victims who were trapped by the volcanic debris. The ash created natural molds around the bodies as they decomposed, and archaeologists have filled these voids with plaster to recreate the exact positions of people at the moment of death. The site has provided invaluable insights into Roman architecture, social customs, and daily life. Graffiti found on walls shows that Romans wrote about everything from political opinions to personal relationships, much like people do today on social media.