Epithelial Tissue and Integumentary System - MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
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The ability to regulate body temperature within a particular range of values, even in varying environmental conditions, is known as .
The ability to regulate body temperature within a particular range of values, even in varying environmental conditions, is known as .
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Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating body temperature in varying conditions. This is accomplished by physiological, structural, and behavioral mechanisms. For example, many mammals will shiver as a result of small muscle contractions to generate heat. Many of the other possible answers sound similar, but are incorrect. Thermoregulation is a type of environmental adaptation, but "adaptation" is too broad of an answer in this case.
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating body temperature in varying conditions. This is accomplished by physiological, structural, and behavioral mechanisms. For example, many mammals will shiver as a result of small muscle contractions to generate heat. Many of the other possible answers sound similar, but are incorrect. Thermoregulation is a type of environmental adaptation, but "adaptation" is too broad of an answer in this case.
Which of the following mechanisms is involved in temperature regulation?
Which of the following mechanisms is involved in temperature regulation?
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All of these mechanisms are used to either increase or decrease body temperature, allowing for proper temperature regulation. When your body becomes cold, shivering (the result of involuntary muscle contractions) helps increase body temperature. Constriction of blood vessels diverts warm blood to the most critical organs and away from extremities. In hot temperatures, blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to the surface of the skin where heat exchange can occur. Sweating allows excess heat to be released through the evaporation of water. Without all of these mechanisms, humans would have difficulty surviving in all the environments we currently inhabit around the world.
All of these mechanisms are used to either increase or decrease body temperature, allowing for proper temperature regulation. When your body becomes cold, shivering (the result of involuntary muscle contractions) helps increase body temperature. Constriction of blood vessels diverts warm blood to the most critical organs and away from extremities. In hot temperatures, blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to the surface of the skin where heat exchange can occur. Sweating allows excess heat to be released through the evaporation of water. Without all of these mechanisms, humans would have difficulty surviving in all the environments we currently inhabit around the world.
In order to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, humans must utilize regulatory mechanisms to respond to an increase in temperature. Which of the following would NOT represent such a mechanism?
In order to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, humans must utilize regulatory mechanisms to respond to an increase in temperature. Which of the following would NOT represent such a mechanism?
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This question is asking for a thermoregulatory mechanism that is NOT active in response to an increase in temperature. Preference for a cooler environment would be an apt response to increased temperature. Activation of sweat gland excretion would secrete liquid onto the skin's surface—the evaporation of this liquid carries heat away from the skin. Dilation of arteriole sphincters would increase overall blood flow, which carries heat, to the skin; this heat can dissipate to the environment. Decrease in skeletal muscle activity would lead to less metabolic activity and subsequent heat production.
The pilorection of hairs on the skin surface would not be an appropriate response to a temperature increase. This is because when erect, hairs would reduce the flow of air over the skin and retain body heat. Goosebumps are formed in pilorection, and this is typically seen in a response to cold temperatures.
This question is asking for a thermoregulatory mechanism that is NOT active in response to an increase in temperature. Preference for a cooler environment would be an apt response to increased temperature. Activation of sweat gland excretion would secrete liquid onto the skin's surface—the evaporation of this liquid carries heat away from the skin. Dilation of arteriole sphincters would increase overall blood flow, which carries heat, to the skin; this heat can dissipate to the environment. Decrease in skeletal muscle activity would lead to less metabolic activity and subsequent heat production.
The pilorection of hairs on the skin surface would not be an appropriate response to a temperature increase. This is because when erect, hairs would reduce the flow of air over the skin and retain body heat. Goosebumps are formed in pilorection, and this is typically seen in a response to cold temperatures.
One component of the immune system is the neutrophil, a professional phagocyte that consumes invading cells. The neutrophil is ferried to the site of infection via the blood as pre-neutrophils, or monocytes, ready to differentiate as needed to defend their host.
In order to leave the blood and migrate to the tissues, where infection is active, the monocyte undergoes a process called diapedesis. Diapedesis is a process of extravasation, where the monocyte leaves the circulation by moving in between endothelial cells, enters the tissue, and matures into a neutrophil.
Diapedesis is mediated by a class of proteins called selectins, present on the monocyte membrane and the endothelium. These selectins interact, attract the monocyte to the endothelium, and allow the monocytes to roll along the endothelium until they are able to complete diapedesis by leaving the vasculature and entering the tissues.
The image below shows monocytes moving in the blood vessel, "rolling" along the vessel wall, and eventually leaving the vessel to migrate to the site of infection.
Which of the following is most likely true of the endothelial cells depicted in the passage?
One component of the immune system is the neutrophil, a professional phagocyte that consumes invading cells. The neutrophil is ferried to the site of infection via the blood as pre-neutrophils, or monocytes, ready to differentiate as needed to defend their host.
In order to leave the blood and migrate to the tissues, where infection is active, the monocyte undergoes a process called diapedesis. Diapedesis is a process of extravasation, where the monocyte leaves the circulation by moving in between endothelial cells, enters the tissue, and matures into a neutrophil.
Diapedesis is mediated by a class of proteins called selectins, present on the monocyte membrane and the endothelium. These selectins interact, attract the monocyte to the endothelium, and allow the monocytes to roll along the endothelium until they are able to complete diapedesis by leaving the vasculature and entering the tissues.
The image below shows monocytes moving in the blood vessel, "rolling" along the vessel wall, and eventually leaving the vessel to migrate to the site of infection.
Which of the following is most likely true of the endothelial cells depicted in the passage?
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Endothelial cells are specialized to prevent clotting in their intact form. When disrupted, the endothelium retracts to expose the basement membrane. Proteins in this region will activate the clotting cascade.
Arterioles are the main type of vessel that regulates vessel size and pressure, and exchange over endothlieum can occur with or without fenestrations.
Endothelial cells are specialized to prevent clotting in their intact form. When disrupted, the endothelium retracts to expose the basement membrane. Proteins in this region will activate the clotting cascade.
Arterioles are the main type of vessel that regulates vessel size and pressure, and exchange over endothlieum can occur with or without fenestrations.
Other than acting as a barrier for the body from the environment, the integumentary system is also responsible for thermoregulation. Which of the following occurs when body temperature drops below a certain threshold?
Other than acting as a barrier for the body from the environment, the integumentary system is also responsible for thermoregulation. Which of the following occurs when body temperature drops below a certain threshold?
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Beneath the surface of the skin, erector muscles are attached to hairs. When it is cold these muscles contract, causing hair to stand up. When hair stands it creates a collective mass of air that maintains temperature by lowering drafts. The erect hairs essentially dull the effects of convection heat transfer by trapping warm air against the skin.
Beneath the surface of the skin, erector muscles are attached to hairs. When it is cold these muscles contract, causing hair to stand up. When hair stands it creates a collective mass of air that maintains temperature by lowering drafts. The erect hairs essentially dull the effects of convection heat transfer by trapping warm air against the skin.
The skin is able to contribute to thermoregulation in which of the following ways?
The skin is able to contribute to thermoregulation in which of the following ways?
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The skin is part of the integumentary system, and is also partly responsible for thermoregulation.
In warm climates, the skin helps lower body temperature by sweating and promoting vasodilation. It is able to open up pores to secrete sodium, which is followed by chloride and water. When water evaporates on the skin, it lowers the temperature of the skin because the water requires an input of thermal energy to transition to the gaseous state. Vasodilation in hot climates allows blood to exchange heat with the environment by flowing close to the skin.
In cold climates, the skin helps raise body temperature by promoting vasoconstriction and goose bumps (cutis anserina). Vasoconstriction helps prevent heat loss to the environment by reducing blood flow to regions of high surface area. Goose bumps raise the hairs in the skin to prevent convection from transferring heat away from the skin.
The skin is part of the integumentary system, and is also partly responsible for thermoregulation.
In warm climates, the skin helps lower body temperature by sweating and promoting vasodilation. It is able to open up pores to secrete sodium, which is followed by chloride and water. When water evaporates on the skin, it lowers the temperature of the skin because the water requires an input of thermal energy to transition to the gaseous state. Vasodilation in hot climates allows blood to exchange heat with the environment by flowing close to the skin.
In cold climates, the skin helps raise body temperature by promoting vasoconstriction and goose bumps (cutis anserina). Vasoconstriction helps prevent heat loss to the environment by reducing blood flow to regions of high surface area. Goose bumps raise the hairs in the skin to prevent convection from transferring heat away from the skin.
Which of the following is found in sweat?
Which of the following is found in sweat?
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Sweat is produced in response to increased body temperature, which triggers a response from the hypothalamus that increases sweat secretion. Sweat is composed of water, sodium, and chloride ions. The evaporation of the water requires an input of energy (it is an endothermic process). This energy comes from the heat of the body, and is dissipated when the water transitions to the gaseous state. The byproduct is sodium chloride salt.
Sweat is produced in response to increased body temperature, which triggers a response from the hypothalamus that increases sweat secretion. Sweat is composed of water, sodium, and chloride ions. The evaporation of the water requires an input of energy (it is an endothermic process). This energy comes from the heat of the body, and is dissipated when the water transitions to the gaseous state. The byproduct is sodium chloride salt.
Which of the following is not a function of simple squamous epithelium?
Which of the following is not a function of simple squamous epithelium?
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Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells that is found in areas where passive transfer takes place. This includes the blood vessels (capillaries), the alveoli, and the glomerulus. The capillaries and alveoli are specialized for diffusion and osmosis, while the glomerulus is specialized for filtration.
Absorption is typically associated with simple columnar epithelium (found in the small intestine) and simple cuboidal epithelium (found in the nephrons).
Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells that is found in areas where passive transfer takes place. This includes the blood vessels (capillaries), the alveoli, and the glomerulus. The capillaries and alveoli are specialized for diffusion and osmosis, while the glomerulus is specialized for filtration.
Absorption is typically associated with simple columnar epithelium (found in the small intestine) and simple cuboidal epithelium (found in the nephrons).
Which area of the body would not be expected to have stratified squamous epithelium?
Which area of the body would not be expected to have stratified squamous epithelium?
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Stratified squamous epithelium is primarily associated with protection of the body, and is found in areas that commonly encounter stress. These areas include the skin, the tongue, and the esophagus. The small intestine is associated with absorption, and is lined with simple columnar epithelium.
Stratified squamous epithelium is primarily associated with protection of the body, and is found in areas that commonly encounter stress. These areas include the skin, the tongue, and the esophagus. The small intestine is associated with absorption, and is lined with simple columnar epithelium.
What is the function of the arrector pili muscles?
What is the function of the arrector pili muscles?
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The arrector pili muscles are responsible for raising the hair shafts, producing "goose bumps" around the follicle. Arrector pili muscles are mostly vestigial, used for thermoregulation in mammals with more fur. In humans, the hair raise function is associated with fear and sexual arousal.
The arrector pili muscles are responsible for raising the hair shafts, producing "goose bumps" around the follicle. Arrector pili muscles are mostly vestigial, used for thermoregulation in mammals with more fur. In humans, the hair raise function is associated with fear and sexual arousal.
Which term refers to the top layers of cells in the epidermis?
Which term refers to the top layers of cells in the epidermis?
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The stratum corneum encompasses the very top two layers of cells in the epidermis. It consists almost entirely of dead, keratinzed skin cells that have been pushed to the outermost layer. The stratum corneum forms a protective, waterproof barrier against the outside environment.
The stratum corneum encompasses the very top two layers of cells in the epidermis. It consists almost entirely of dead, keratinzed skin cells that have been pushed to the outermost layer. The stratum corneum forms a protective, waterproof barrier against the outside environment.
The parietal cells of the stomach are vital for both food digestion and as a defense mechanism against pathogens. When the parietal cells are not functioning properly, diseases such sepsis due to Clostridium difficile and malnutrition may occur. To keep the digestive system healthy, proper nutrition as well as a balanced diet is vital.
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid via the hormone gastrin. Gastrin is released when the stomach distends, via the presence of proteins and/or indirectly by the vagus nerve from the parasympathetic nervous system. Hydrochloric acid breaks down certain ingested food as well as activates certain zymogens for further digestion of macromolecules. The high acidity of the stomach due to the release of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells also destroys most pathogens. When the parietal cell is not functioning properly, opportunistic pathogens may create health problems.
Parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein which binds to vitamin B12 to prevent destruction of the vitamin by the hydrochloric acid. Down the gastrointestinal tract, the vitamin is absorbed by the ileum of the small intestine. Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell production. A diet low in vitamin B12 may lead to anemia.
The prolonged use of aspirin will significantly decrease the production of bicarbonate in the mucosal layer of the stomach. How might this lead to a gastric ulcer?
The parietal cells of the stomach are vital for both food digestion and as a defense mechanism against pathogens. When the parietal cells are not functioning properly, diseases such sepsis due to Clostridium difficile and malnutrition may occur. To keep the digestive system healthy, proper nutrition as well as a balanced diet is vital.
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid via the hormone gastrin. Gastrin is released when the stomach distends, via the presence of proteins and/or indirectly by the vagus nerve from the parasympathetic nervous system. Hydrochloric acid breaks down certain ingested food as well as activates certain zymogens for further digestion of macromolecules. The high acidity of the stomach due to the release of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells also destroys most pathogens. When the parietal cell is not functioning properly, opportunistic pathogens may create health problems.
Parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein which binds to vitamin B12 to prevent destruction of the vitamin by the hydrochloric acid. Down the gastrointestinal tract, the vitamin is absorbed by the ileum of the small intestine. Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell production. A diet low in vitamin B12 may lead to anemia.
The prolonged use of aspirin will significantly decrease the production of bicarbonate in the mucosal layer of the stomach. How might this lead to a gastric ulcer?
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The stomach produces bicarbonate along the mucosal layer to neutralize the high acidity of the stomach. Without proper neutralization of the acid along the mucosal layer, the acid can directly destroy the barrier. When the acid destroys the mucosal layer, gastric ulcers may occur.
The stomach produces bicarbonate along the mucosal layer to neutralize the high acidity of the stomach. Without proper neutralization of the acid along the mucosal layer, the acid can directly destroy the barrier. When the acid destroys the mucosal layer, gastric ulcers may occur.
The ability to regulate body temperature within a particular range of values, even in varying environmental conditions, is known as .
The ability to regulate body temperature within a particular range of values, even in varying environmental conditions, is known as .
Tap to see back →
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating body temperature in varying conditions. This is accomplished by physiological, structural, and behavioral mechanisms. For example, many mammals will shiver as a result of small muscle contractions to generate heat. Many of the other possible answers sound similar, but are incorrect. Thermoregulation is a type of environmental adaptation, but "adaptation" is too broad of an answer in this case.
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating body temperature in varying conditions. This is accomplished by physiological, structural, and behavioral mechanisms. For example, many mammals will shiver as a result of small muscle contractions to generate heat. Many of the other possible answers sound similar, but are incorrect. Thermoregulation is a type of environmental adaptation, but "adaptation" is too broad of an answer in this case.
Which of the following mechanisms is involved in temperature regulation?
Which of the following mechanisms is involved in temperature regulation?
Tap to see back →
All of these mechanisms are used to either increase or decrease body temperature, allowing for proper temperature regulation. When your body becomes cold, shivering (the result of involuntary muscle contractions) helps increase body temperature. Constriction of blood vessels diverts warm blood to the most critical organs and away from extremities. In hot temperatures, blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to the surface of the skin where heat exchange can occur. Sweating allows excess heat to be released through the evaporation of water. Without all of these mechanisms, humans would have difficulty surviving in all the environments we currently inhabit around the world.
All of these mechanisms are used to either increase or decrease body temperature, allowing for proper temperature regulation. When your body becomes cold, shivering (the result of involuntary muscle contractions) helps increase body temperature. Constriction of blood vessels diverts warm blood to the most critical organs and away from extremities. In hot temperatures, blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to the surface of the skin where heat exchange can occur. Sweating allows excess heat to be released through the evaporation of water. Without all of these mechanisms, humans would have difficulty surviving in all the environments we currently inhabit around the world.
In order to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, humans must utilize regulatory mechanisms to respond to an increase in temperature. Which of the following would NOT represent such a mechanism?
In order to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, humans must utilize regulatory mechanisms to respond to an increase in temperature. Which of the following would NOT represent such a mechanism?
Tap to see back →
This question is asking for a thermoregulatory mechanism that is NOT active in response to an increase in temperature. Preference for a cooler environment would be an apt response to increased temperature. Activation of sweat gland excretion would secrete liquid onto the skin's surface—the evaporation of this liquid carries heat away from the skin. Dilation of arteriole sphincters would increase overall blood flow, which carries heat, to the skin; this heat can dissipate to the environment. Decrease in skeletal muscle activity would lead to less metabolic activity and subsequent heat production.
The pilorection of hairs on the skin surface would not be an appropriate response to a temperature increase. This is because when erect, hairs would reduce the flow of air over the skin and retain body heat. Goosebumps are formed in pilorection, and this is typically seen in a response to cold temperatures.
This question is asking for a thermoregulatory mechanism that is NOT active in response to an increase in temperature. Preference for a cooler environment would be an apt response to increased temperature. Activation of sweat gland excretion would secrete liquid onto the skin's surface—the evaporation of this liquid carries heat away from the skin. Dilation of arteriole sphincters would increase overall blood flow, which carries heat, to the skin; this heat can dissipate to the environment. Decrease in skeletal muscle activity would lead to less metabolic activity and subsequent heat production.
The pilorection of hairs on the skin surface would not be an appropriate response to a temperature increase. This is because when erect, hairs would reduce the flow of air over the skin and retain body heat. Goosebumps are formed in pilorection, and this is typically seen in a response to cold temperatures.
One component of the immune system is the neutrophil, a professional phagocyte that consumes invading cells. The neutrophil is ferried to the site of infection via the blood as pre-neutrophils, or monocytes, ready to differentiate as needed to defend their host.
In order to leave the blood and migrate to the tissues, where infection is active, the monocyte undergoes a process called diapedesis. Diapedesis is a process of extravasation, where the monocyte leaves the circulation by moving in between endothelial cells, enters the tissue, and matures into a neutrophil.
Diapedesis is mediated by a class of proteins called selectins, present on the monocyte membrane and the endothelium. These selectins interact, attract the monocyte to the endothelium, and allow the monocytes to roll along the endothelium until they are able to complete diapedesis by leaving the vasculature and entering the tissues.
The image below shows monocytes moving in the blood vessel, "rolling" along the vessel wall, and eventually leaving the vessel to migrate to the site of infection.
Which of the following is most likely true of the endothelial cells depicted in the passage?
One component of the immune system is the neutrophil, a professional phagocyte that consumes invading cells. The neutrophil is ferried to the site of infection via the blood as pre-neutrophils, or monocytes, ready to differentiate as needed to defend their host.
In order to leave the blood and migrate to the tissues, where infection is active, the monocyte undergoes a process called diapedesis. Diapedesis is a process of extravasation, where the monocyte leaves the circulation by moving in between endothelial cells, enters the tissue, and matures into a neutrophil.
Diapedesis is mediated by a class of proteins called selectins, present on the monocyte membrane and the endothelium. These selectins interact, attract the monocyte to the endothelium, and allow the monocytes to roll along the endothelium until they are able to complete diapedesis by leaving the vasculature and entering the tissues.
The image below shows monocytes moving in the blood vessel, "rolling" along the vessel wall, and eventually leaving the vessel to migrate to the site of infection.
Which of the following is most likely true of the endothelial cells depicted in the passage?
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Endothelial cells are specialized to prevent clotting in their intact form. When disrupted, the endothelium retracts to expose the basement membrane. Proteins in this region will activate the clotting cascade.
Arterioles are the main type of vessel that regulates vessel size and pressure, and exchange over endothlieum can occur with or without fenestrations.
Endothelial cells are specialized to prevent clotting in their intact form. When disrupted, the endothelium retracts to expose the basement membrane. Proteins in this region will activate the clotting cascade.
Arterioles are the main type of vessel that regulates vessel size and pressure, and exchange over endothlieum can occur with or without fenestrations.
Other than acting as a barrier for the body from the environment, the integumentary system is also responsible for thermoregulation. Which of the following occurs when body temperature drops below a certain threshold?
Other than acting as a barrier for the body from the environment, the integumentary system is also responsible for thermoregulation. Which of the following occurs when body temperature drops below a certain threshold?
Tap to see back →
Beneath the surface of the skin, erector muscles are attached to hairs. When it is cold these muscles contract, causing hair to stand up. When hair stands it creates a collective mass of air that maintains temperature by lowering drafts. The erect hairs essentially dull the effects of convection heat transfer by trapping warm air against the skin.
Beneath the surface of the skin, erector muscles are attached to hairs. When it is cold these muscles contract, causing hair to stand up. When hair stands it creates a collective mass of air that maintains temperature by lowering drafts. The erect hairs essentially dull the effects of convection heat transfer by trapping warm air against the skin.
The skin is able to contribute to thermoregulation in which of the following ways?
The skin is able to contribute to thermoregulation in which of the following ways?
Tap to see back →
The skin is part of the integumentary system, and is also partly responsible for thermoregulation.
In warm climates, the skin helps lower body temperature by sweating and promoting vasodilation. It is able to open up pores to secrete sodium, which is followed by chloride and water. When water evaporates on the skin, it lowers the temperature of the skin because the water requires an input of thermal energy to transition to the gaseous state. Vasodilation in hot climates allows blood to exchange heat with the environment by flowing close to the skin.
In cold climates, the skin helps raise body temperature by promoting vasoconstriction and goose bumps (cutis anserina). Vasoconstriction helps prevent heat loss to the environment by reducing blood flow to regions of high surface area. Goose bumps raise the hairs in the skin to prevent convection from transferring heat away from the skin.
The skin is part of the integumentary system, and is also partly responsible for thermoregulation.
In warm climates, the skin helps lower body temperature by sweating and promoting vasodilation. It is able to open up pores to secrete sodium, which is followed by chloride and water. When water evaporates on the skin, it lowers the temperature of the skin because the water requires an input of thermal energy to transition to the gaseous state. Vasodilation in hot climates allows blood to exchange heat with the environment by flowing close to the skin.
In cold climates, the skin helps raise body temperature by promoting vasoconstriction and goose bumps (cutis anserina). Vasoconstriction helps prevent heat loss to the environment by reducing blood flow to regions of high surface area. Goose bumps raise the hairs in the skin to prevent convection from transferring heat away from the skin.
Which of the following is found in sweat?
Which of the following is found in sweat?
Tap to see back →
Sweat is produced in response to increased body temperature, which triggers a response from the hypothalamus that increases sweat secretion. Sweat is composed of water, sodium, and chloride ions. The evaporation of the water requires an input of energy (it is an endothermic process). This energy comes from the heat of the body, and is dissipated when the water transitions to the gaseous state. The byproduct is sodium chloride salt.
Sweat is produced in response to increased body temperature, which triggers a response from the hypothalamus that increases sweat secretion. Sweat is composed of water, sodium, and chloride ions. The evaporation of the water requires an input of energy (it is an endothermic process). This energy comes from the heat of the body, and is dissipated when the water transitions to the gaseous state. The byproduct is sodium chloride salt.
Which of the following is not a function of simple squamous epithelium?
Which of the following is not a function of simple squamous epithelium?
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Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells that is found in areas where passive transfer takes place. This includes the blood vessels (capillaries), the alveoli, and the glomerulus. The capillaries and alveoli are specialized for diffusion and osmosis, while the glomerulus is specialized for filtration.
Absorption is typically associated with simple columnar epithelium (found in the small intestine) and simple cuboidal epithelium (found in the nephrons).
Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells that is found in areas where passive transfer takes place. This includes the blood vessels (capillaries), the alveoli, and the glomerulus. The capillaries and alveoli are specialized for diffusion and osmosis, while the glomerulus is specialized for filtration.
Absorption is typically associated with simple columnar epithelium (found in the small intestine) and simple cuboidal epithelium (found in the nephrons).