Predicting Benzene Orientation - Organic Chemistry

When speaking of the arrangemts of two substituents on a benzene, their positions can be ortho, meta, or para. Ortho substituents are bound to adjacent carbons (C1 and C2). Meta substituents are bound to carbons with one intermediary carbon (C1 and C3). Para substituents are opposite one another across the benzene ring (C1 and C4).

The bromines in the given reaction result in a para product because bromine is ortho/para directing. There is a significant amount of ortho product, but because of steric hinderance, the major product is para.

This is a trick question on Friedal-Craft alkylation. If you didn't pick the starting material, that is because you forgot the rule that alkylation cannot happen on a highly deactivated aromatic ring. Since is a highly deactivating group the answer is no reaction, or:

This question is essentially testing an understanding of electrophilic aromatic substitution and substituent placement. first acts as a lewis acid by accepting the chloride from the reagent, which generates . This, in turn, is susceptible to nucleophilic attack from one of the double bonds in the benzene ring. Due to the disruption of aromaticity in the ring, this double bond is quickly restored by abstraction of an adjacent proton on the ring.

But we also need to be aware of what position this substituent will be directed to. Since the original molecule, toluene, consists of a benzene ring bonded to an electron-donating methyl group, this directs the substitution reaction towards the ortho or para position on the ring. Of the choices shown, only the para position is shown. The ortho position is not shown as an answer choice, and direction to the meta position would not be likely.

While both the bromide and the alkyl group are ortho/para directing groups, the alkyl group is more activating and therefore the carbonyl will be added ortho to that substituent. The and work to reduce the carbonyl to an .

This is an example of a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, where an acyl group (an alkyl group with a carbonyl group) is added at the carbonyl carbon (shown below). Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in this reaction.

This reaction is known as a nitration reaction, in which a nitro group ( group) is added to an aromatic ring. Nitric acid is used because this reaction occurs in an acidic solution.

When speaking of the arrangemts of two substituents on a benzene, their positions can be ortho, meta, or para. Ortho substituents are bound to adjacent carbons (C1 and C2). Meta substituents are bound to carbons with one intermediary carbon (C1 and C3). Para substituents are opposite one another across the benzene ring (C1 and C4).

The bromines in the given reaction result in a para product because bromine is ortho/para directing. There is a significant amount of ortho product, but because of steric hinderance, the major product is para.

This is a trick question on Friedal-Craft alkylation. If you didn't pick the starting material, that is because you forgot the rule that alkylation cannot happen on a highly deactivated aromatic ring. Since is a highly deactivating group the answer is no reaction, or:

This question is essentially testing an understanding of electrophilic aromatic substitution and substituent placement. first acts as a lewis acid by accepting the chloride from the reagent, which generates . This, in turn, is susceptible to nucleophilic attack from one of the double bonds in the benzene ring. Due to the disruption of aromaticity in the ring, this double bond is quickly restored by abstraction of an adjacent proton on the ring.

But we also need to be aware of what position this substituent will be directed to. Since the original molecule, toluene, consists of a benzene ring bonded to an electron-donating methyl group, this directs the substitution reaction towards the ortho or para position on the ring. Of the choices shown, only the para position is shown. The ortho position is not shown as an answer choice, and direction to the meta position would not be likely.

While both the bromide and the alkyl group are ortho/para directing groups, the alkyl group is more activating and therefore the carbonyl will be added ortho to that substituent. The and work to reduce the carbonyl to an .

This is an example of a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, where an acyl group (an alkyl group with a carbonyl group) is added at the carbonyl carbon (shown below). Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in this reaction.

This reaction is known as a nitration reaction, in which a nitro group ( group) is added to an aromatic ring. Nitric acid is used because this reaction occurs in an acidic solution.

When speaking of the arrangemts of two substituents on a benzene, their positions can be ortho, meta, or para. Ortho substituents are bound to adjacent carbons (C1 and C2). Meta substituents are bound to carbons with one intermediary carbon (C1 and C3). Para substituents are opposite one another across the benzene ring (C1 and C4).

The bromines in the given reaction result in a para product because bromine is ortho/para directing. There is a significant amount of ortho product, but because of steric hinderance, the major product is para.

This is a trick question on Friedal-Craft alkylation. If you didn't pick the starting material, that is because you forgot the rule that alkylation cannot happen on a highly deactivated aromatic ring. Since is a highly deactivating group the answer is no reaction, or:

This question is essentially testing an understanding of electrophilic aromatic substitution and substituent placement. first acts as a lewis acid by accepting the chloride from the reagent, which generates . This, in turn, is susceptible to nucleophilic attack from one of the double bonds in the benzene ring. Due to the disruption of aromaticity in the ring, this double bond is quickly restored by abstraction of an adjacent proton on the ring.

But we also need to be aware of what position this substituent will be directed to. Since the original molecule, toluene, consists of a benzene ring bonded to an electron-donating methyl group, this directs the substitution reaction towards the ortho or para position on the ring. Of the choices shown, only the para position is shown. The ortho position is not shown as an answer choice, and direction to the meta position would not be likely.

While both the bromide and the alkyl group are ortho/para directing groups, the alkyl group is more activating and therefore the carbonyl will be added ortho to that substituent. The and work to reduce the carbonyl to an .

This is an example of a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, where an acyl group (an alkyl group with a carbonyl group) is added at the carbonyl carbon (shown below). Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in this reaction.

This reaction is known as a nitration reaction, in which a nitro group ( group) is added to an aromatic ring. Nitric acid is used because this reaction occurs in an acidic solution.

When speaking of the arrangemts of two substituents on a benzene, their positions can be ortho, meta, or para. Ortho substituents are bound to adjacent carbons (C1 and C2). Meta substituents are bound to carbons with one intermediary carbon (C1 and C3). Para substituents are opposite one another across the benzene ring (C1 and C4).

The bromines in the given reaction result in a para product because bromine is ortho/para directing. There is a significant amount of ortho product, but because of steric hinderance, the major product is para.

This is a trick question on Friedal-Craft alkylation. If you didn't pick the starting material, that is because you forgot the rule that alkylation cannot happen on a highly deactivated aromatic ring. Since is a highly deactivating group the answer is no reaction, or: