The painter of this work, Paul Cézanne, was particularly noted for his still lifes. The one in this question, "Still Life with Skull," was painted in 1898 and is particularly notable for the inclusion of a skull, a notable feature of Cezanne's later work from the 1890s on. Cézanne's use of broad brushstrokes, layered color, and different perspectives helped create a bridge from impressionism to modern art movements like cubism.

Impasto is the technique of using thick layers of paint on the canvas, often mixing colors directly on the work, and allowing the glob to dry. This creates depth and changes the way the light hits the painted surface; it is a favored technique of Impressionists.

Monet was one of the leading rebels of the Salon de Paris. Most of his work comes from Paris and the surrounding countryside.

The name Pointilism itself refers to the act of using small points. Mannerism and Rococo are artistic movements stemming from different centuries than Pointilism, and cubism is a very geometrical artistic style created by Pablo Picasso.

The first Romantic paintings were landscapes. Artists such as J. M. W. Turner and John Constable captures scenes of storms, as well as Gothic architecture, which is itself highly expressive and emotional in nature. Human subjects were included heavily in Romantic paintings later on.

"En plein air" was a technique favored by Impressionists such as Claude Monet. In this painting from 1877, The Saint Lazare Station, Monet's choice of painting outdoors allowed him to capture the steam coming off of the trains and the general haze that surrounded the station. Painting outdoors was so common that many Impressionists would create works which showed their fellow artists working "en plein air."

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In order to achieve the visible, overlapping brushstrokes that give The Slave Ship its sense of movement and action, JMW Turner worked extremely quickly. Turner was able both to apply wet paint on wet paint, building up a texture, and create actual motion with his paint application. For these reasons, Turner always worked fast in an attempt to capture what he considered the "sublime" aspect of nature.

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Jacques-Louis David, before becoming Napoleon's official painter during the Empire, was noted as a painter of history works, which usually focused on stories from Ancient Greece and Rome. In creating these works in the late eighteenth century, David was the preeminent neo-classicist in France, using the clean lines and bright colors notable of the genre. These aspects are present as well in his Napoleon Crossing the Alps, especially the Roman tablet crushed in the bottom left corner of the painting.

Figure 3: Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jaques-Louis David (1801)

Figure 4: Portrait of Sir Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1814)

Drypoint is highly related to etching, in that to create art with the medium, an artist must carve the desired image into a piece of metal that is then printed onto a piece of paper by a printing press. Mary Cassatt made The Coiffure a color print by adding aquatint, a chemical ink that could both attach to the metal print, but also leave a lasting image. This very European style of printing was favored by Cassatt because of its resulting images similarity to Japanese woodblock printing.

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Divisionism, also associated with Pointillism, creates a larger image from many smaller dots of color, dots that the eye mixes when standing at a distance from the painting. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood sought to emulate works from the Renaissance. Realism was a mid-19th century movement in which painters rejected Romanticism; symbolism drew on mythology and dreams as its defining feature; and pictorialism was a movement in photography emphasizing beauty rather than reality.