DNA is a nucleic acid, made up of the nucleotides, which contain a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. These bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. DNA is double-stranded, but transiently single-stranded during DNA replication and transcription.

Activators are proteins that increase transcription of a specific gene. Activators bind to promoters and often coactivators to facilitate binding of the pre-activation complex and initiation complexes; therefore, they stimulate the transcription of a given gene. 

During transcription, RNA polymerase enzymes bind to DNA promoter sequences. This binding is facilitated by the pre-initiation complex (composed of transcription factors, the promoter sequence, activators, and repressors) as well as RNA polymerase. In eukaryotic cells, certain transcription factors must bind to the promoter sequence before RNA polymerase can. This is due to an inability of RNA polymerase to independently recognize the promoter sequence. Once RNA polymerase does bind, transcription can be initiated. 

Proofreading occurs during the elongation phase of transcription. RNA polymerase's movement over the DNA template strand includes a backtracking motion that allows RNA polymerase to proofread the newly synthesized RNA transcript.

The genetic information in a cell is stored in its DNA. Through transcription, the cell is able to create RNA from DNA. This RNA is called mRNA. The mRNA is then able to create protein through translation. Thus, the flow of information is from DNA to RNA to protein. 

Telomeres and centromeres are composed of heterochromatin. In contrast to euchromatin, heterochromatin's genes are generally in an inactive state. This is because the genetic material is highly condensed. Often, heterochromatin is thought of as "junk DNA". Since telomeres are slowly being degraded during DNA replication, the cell does not want to have active or important genes in this area. Same goes for centromeres, where there is the possibility of chromatids not separating evenly across the centromere in anaphase. 

Simply create a complementary strand of RNA with matching base pairs, but substitute uracil (U) for thymine (T), since RNA does not use thymine base pairs.

The answer choice starting with AUG might seem appropriate since it is the start codon, however, realize that the rest of the base pairs do not match up to the DNA template. Further, RNA templates do not begin right at the start codon; there are promotoer and enhancer regions of DNA that are transcribed well before the first exon is transcribed with its AUG start codon.

Histones are associated with DNA packed in chromatin. Acetylation of these histones allows for DNA transcription. Other proteins mentioned play no part in DNA chromatin structure.

Polymerases are active during DNA repair and transcription. Collagen is a fibrous protein associated with the extracellular matrix. Actin and myosin are myofilaments active in muscle contraction.

Transcription requires a DNA sequence that signals the RNA polymerase where to begin transcribing a given gene. The promoter is the DNA sequence that allows the RNA polymerase to bind to the right spot on the DNA and begin transcription. This prevents transcription of partial proteins or protein fragments that would be non-functional and possibly harmful to the cell.

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomal DNA is contained within the nucleus. Transcription requires access to this DNA, and therefore must occur in the nucleus. Resulting RNA molecules are then shuttled out of the nucleus to be used in other processes.