Demyelination of axons is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The loss of myelination negatively impacts the ability of neurons to transmit signals throughout the body. Examples of demyelination diseases are multiple sclerosis and Guillain–Barre syndrome. HIV is a viral infection that attacks the immune system. Anemia is a blood disorder in which there are not enough functioning red blood cells to provide the body tissues with sufficient oxygen. Epilepsy is a disease that involves frequent seizures.

Saltatory conduction is a type of signal transmission in myelinated axons. Here, the action potential (wave of sodium ions) passes from one node of Ranvier to another, which increases the rate of transmission.

Membrane potential is a term used to describe the difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane. This difference is determined by ion concentration inside and outside of the cell and can change due to ion-gated channels and ion pumps, among others. Membrane potential allows cells to transmit electrical signals. During an action potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized, which means the membrane potential becomes less negative.

The resting potential of a cell is the relatively static membrane potential that serves as the baseline voltage of a cell, which is about  in neurons. The resting potential stands in opposition to the action potential.

The threshold potential of a cell is a specific membrane potential that is needed in order to initiate action potential. Therefore, threshold potential precedes action potential. Note that reaching the threshold potential triggers a positive feedback loop, causing more sodium to rush into the cell, further depolarizing the membrane potential.

The axon hillock is the area of a neuron that connects the soma and axon. This is also the area of the of the neuron that "decides" whether an action potential would be initiated or not, depending on whether the cell has reached threshold or not.  

In the presynaptic terminal, the action potential causes an influx of calcium. Rising calcium levels stimulates exocytosis of neurotransmitters, which bind to post-synaptic receptors. Unused neurotransmitters are recycled by the pre-synaptic cell or degraded in the synaptic cleft.

Signal transmission from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic terminal occurs when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's cell membrane, the postsynaptic cell can be induced (excited) to fire another action potential, or inhibited based on the type of neurotransmitter and/or receptor that is bound.

Cartilage, rather than bone, forms the fetal skeleton and is softer and more flexible than bone. Unlike cartilage, bone has both vascular and nervous networks running through it.

Osteoblasts contribute to the ossification process by working to build bone. They cannot do so as individual cells, but rather need to be arranged into osteons in the bone to function. Osteoblasts are regulated by a number of factors depending on the body's need for bone creation or resorption, including being inhibited by PTH.