DNA's sugar is deoxyribose, which involves the lack of a hydroxyl group on the second cabon. RNA's sugar is ribose. DNA and RNA is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and both contain phosphate and neither contain sulfur.

DNA polymerase III is the only DNA replication enzyme with proofreading (3'-5' exonuclease) capabilities. Ligase links Okazaki fragments. Helicase unwinds the two DNA strands. DNA polymerase I contains 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but this is involved in primer removal, not proofreading. Primase is a type of RNA polymerase.

Okazaki fragments are found in the lagging strand, and are linked by DNA ligase. These short fragments of DNA are formed because DNA polymerase III (the main polymerizing enzyme complex) can only add nucleotides the the 3' end of a DNA strand. Since DNA strands are antiparallel, this is unavoidable. 

The semiconservative model of DNA replication describes the daughter strand containing one new and one old strand. Dispersive and conservative models were both rejected from their experiment. Independet and dependent do not pertain to any of the scientist's theories of replication.

The helix-turn-helix motif has two helices at a particular angle, with one of them, the recognition helix, fitting into a major groove. Zinc fingers have sheets and helices held together via zinc complexes. Beta sheets have hydrogen bonds along their strand backbones. The helix-loop-helix motif has one helix folded and packed against another. In the leucine zipper, two helices are coiled up to where they are "unzipped" to form a Y.

The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating phosphate groups and sugar groups, linked together via phosphodiester bonds. The nitrogenous bases jut off of the backbone and form bonds with nitrogenous bases on other strands of DNA to become double stranded. A nucleotide consists of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups.

The anticodon is a part of tRNA that is capable of finding its complementary codon on mRNA. This allows the tRNA to carry its specific amino acid to a ribosome when necessary in the production of proteins.

The clover-like structure of tRNA is held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases of the molecule. Without them, this tertiary structure would not be possible.

In RNA the four bases are: adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine. The bases in DNA are similar, except uracil is replaced with thymine. In RNA, adenine will always pair with uracil, and guanine will always pair with cytosine. Remember, a purine (adenine, guanine) will always pair with a pyrimidine (cytosine, uracil or thymine). 

This question presents us with a portion of the coding strand of a gene, and asks us to determine the corresponding sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA that would be transcribed from this gene.

To begin, it is very important to recognize that the sequence given to us in the question stem is the coding strand. This is to distinguish it from the template strand.

For any given gene, there is a template strand and a coding strand. These two strands are complementary to one another and run in opposite directions. The template strand is the one that is transcribed to give rise to a complementary mRNA molecule that will go on to be translated into a polypeptide. Hence, it is called the template strand because it provides the template for the production of mRNA, and subsequently a protein.

The coding strand, on the other hand, is not transcribed. Instead, the coding strand gets its name because its sequence is identical to the sequence of the pre-mRNA (before introns are removed). The exception to this is that the coding strand contains thymine nucleotides, whereas the pre-mRNA contains uracil in place of thymine. The reason why these two have the same sequence is because both of them are complementary to the template strand. Sometimes, the template strand is also referred to as the antisense strand, while the coding strand is referred to as the sense strand.

It is important to realize this distinction because, without it, one might arrive at the incorrect answer. Because this is the coding strand (sense strand), the mRNA product will have an identical sequence, with the exception of uracil in place of thymine.

Coding strand:

mRNA strand: