Calculus 1 : Spatial Calculus

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for Calculus 1

varsity tutors app store varsity tutors android store

Example Questions

Example Question #271 : Spatial Calculus

The position of a particle traveling along the \displaystyle x axis is described by 

\displaystyle p(t)=t^3-2t^2-6t-9.

When is the particle moving to the right?

Possible Answers:

The particle is never moving to the right.

Between \displaystyle 0.897\ seconds and \displaystyle 2.230\ seconds

The particle is always moving to the right.

Until \displaystyle 2.230\ seconds have passed

After \displaystyle 2.230\ seconds

Correct answer:

After \displaystyle 2.230\ seconds

Explanation:

We know 

\displaystyle p(t)=t^3-2t^2-6t-9 and using the power rule to differentiate the position funtion we can find the velocity function.

The power rule states, \displaystyle (x^n)'=nx^{n-1}.

Therefore, the velocity function becomes,

\displaystyle v(t)=p'(t)=(t^3-2t^2-6t-9)'

\displaystyle v(t)=3t^{3-1}-2(2t^{2-1})-6t^{1-1}-0

\displaystyle v(t)=3t^2-4t-6.

We also know that \displaystyle v(t)=0 at \displaystyle -0.897 and \displaystyle 2.230\ seconds. Because \displaystyle t< 0 makes no sense, we can eliminate anything prior to that. Now we have \displaystyle 2 intervals. 

\displaystyle (0,2.230),(2.230,\infty)

Choosing a value from each interval, we can determine if the velocity is positive (the particle is moving to the right) or negative (meaning that the particle is moving to the left). You can also do this with a graph.

\displaystyle v(1)=3-4-6=-7< 0

\displaystyle v(3)=27-12-6=9>0

Thus the particle is moving to the right on the interval \displaystyle (2.230,\infty) or anytime after \displaystyle 2.230\ seconds have passed.

Example Question #271 : How To Find Velocity

Find velocity at \displaystyle t=3 given the following position function.

\displaystyle p(t)=3t^2-5t+1

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 6

\displaystyle 7

\displaystyle 1

\displaystyle 13

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 13

Explanation:

To find velocity, simply differentiate the position function and then plug in \displaystyle t=3. Thus,

\displaystyle v(t)=p'(t)=6t-5

\displaystyle v(3)=6(3)-5=13

Example Question #272 : How To Find Velocity

Find velocity at \displaystyle t=1 given the following position equation.

\displaystyle p(t)=3t^2-5

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 3

\displaystyle 5

\displaystyle 9

\displaystyle 6

\displaystyle -2

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 6

Explanation:

To solve, simply differentiate using the power rule and then plug in \displaystyle t=1.

Recall the power rule:

\displaystyle f(x)=x^n

\displaystyle f'(x)=nx^{n-1}

Thus,

\displaystyle v(t)=p'(t)=6t

\displaystyle v(t)=6(1)=6

Example Question #272 : Calculus

The acceleration of a particle is given by the function \displaystyle a(t)=6t^2+14t+3. If at time \displaystyle t=1 the particle has a velocity of \displaystyle 11, what is the velocity at time \displaystyle t=2?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 54

\displaystyle 50

\displaystyle 49

\displaystyle 51

\displaystyle 52

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 49

Explanation:

Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity; conversely, velocity can be found by integrating a known acceleration function with respect for time:

\displaystyle v(t)=\int a(t)dt

For the acceleration function

 \displaystyle a(t)=6t^2+14t+3

The velocity function is:

\displaystyle v(t)=2t^3+7t^2+3t+C

Now, notice the inclusion of the constant of integration of \displaystyle C. Since in the process of derivation all constants are eliminated, it stands to reason that upon integrating back to an original function, we must consider that this original function had a constant included. To solve for this value, use the condition given in the problem for a point in time:

 \displaystyle v(1)=2(1)^3+7(1)^2+3(1)+C=11

\displaystyle C=-1

\displaystyle v(t)=2t^3+7t^2+3t-1

With the knowledge of the full velocity function, the value of the function can be found at time \displaystyle t=2

\displaystyle v(2)=2(2)^3+7(2)^2+3(2)-1

\displaystyle v(2)=49

Example Question #275 : Spatial Calculus

The acceleration of a particle is given by the function \displaystyle a(t)=4te^{t^2}+3t^2. If the particle is initially at rest, what is the velocity of the particle at time \displaystyle t=1 ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 2e

\displaystyle 2e-1

\displaystyle e-2

\displaystyle 2e+1

\displaystyle e+2

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 2e-1

Explanation:

Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity; conversely, velocity can be found by integrating a known acceleration function with respect for time:

\displaystyle v(t)=\int a(t)dt

For the acceleration function

\displaystyle a(t)=4te^{t^2}+3t^2

The velocity function can be found via knowledge of the following derivative properties:

Derivative of an exponential: 

\displaystyle d[e^u]=e^udu

The velocity function is:

 \displaystyle v(t)=2e^{t^2}+t^3+C

Now, notice the inclusion of the constant of integration of \displaystyle C. Since in the process of derivation all constants are eliminated, it stands to reason that upon integrating back to an original function, we must consider that this original function had a constant included. To solve for this value, use the condition given in the problem for a point in time. We're told that the particle begins at rest, so at time \displaystyle t=0:

 \displaystyle v(0)=2e^{0^2}+0^3+C=0

\displaystyle C=-2

\displaystyle v(t)=2e^{t^2}+t^3-2

With the knowledge of the full velocity function, the value of the function can be found at time \displaystyle t=1

\displaystyle v(1)=2e^{1^2}+1^3-2

\displaystyle v(1)=2e-1

 

Example Question #273 : Calculus

The position of a particle is given by the function \displaystyle p(t)=\tan(t^2+3t+4). What is the velocity of the particle at time \displaystyle t=2 ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 229.19

\displaystyle 168.67

\displaystyle 517.71

\displaystyle 374.39

\displaystyle 13.09

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 374.39

Explanation:

Velocity of a particle can be found by taking the derivative of the position function with respect to time. Recall that a derivative gives the rate of change of some parameter, relative to the change of some other variable. When we take the derivative of position with respect to time, we are evaluating how position changes over time; i.e velocity!

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{d}{dt}p(t)

To take the derivative of the position function

\displaystyle p(t)=\tan(t^2+3t+4)

We'll need to make use of the following derivative rule(s):

\displaystyle d[\tan(u)]=\frac{du}{\cos^2(u)}

Note that u may represent large functions, and not just individual variables!

Using the above properties, the velocity function is

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{2t+3}{\cos^2(t^2+3t+4)}

At time \displaystyle t=2

\displaystyle v(2)=\frac{2(2)+3}{\cos^2(2^2+3(2)+4)}

\displaystyle v(2)=374.39

Example Question #273 : How To Find Velocity

The position of a particle is given by the function \displaystyle p(t)=\tan(4^{t}). What is the velocity of the particle at time \displaystyle t=3 ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 10.10

\displaystyle 355.42

\displaystyle 577.80

\displaystyle 107.07

\displaystyle 890.45

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 577.80

Explanation:

Velocity of a particle can be found by taking the derivative of the position function with respect to time. Recall that a derivative gives the rate of change of some parameter, relative to the change of some other variable. When we take the derivative of position with respect to time, we are evaluating how position changes over time; i.e velocity!

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{d}{dt}p(t)

To take the derivative of the position function

\displaystyle p(t)=\tan(4^{t})

We'll need to make use of the following derivative rule(s):

Derivative of an exponential: 

\displaystyle d[a^u]=a^udu\ln(a)

Trigonometric derivative: 

\displaystyle d[\tan(u)]=\frac{du}{\cos^2(u)}

Note that u may represent large functions, and not just individual variables!

Using the above properties, the velocity function is

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{4^{t}\ln(4)}{\cos^2(4^{t})}

At time \displaystyle t=3

\displaystyle v(3)=\frac{4^{3}\ln(4)}{\cos^2(4^{3})}

\displaystyle v(3)=577.80

Example Question #275 : Calculus

The position of a particle is given by the function \displaystyle p(t)=e^{\cos(\ln(2t))}. What is the velocity of the particle at time \displaystyle t=1.2 ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle -1.21

\displaystyle 15.69

\displaystyle 1.44

\displaystyle 0.81

\displaystyle -0.01

Correct answer:

\displaystyle -1.21

Explanation:

Velocity of a particle can be found by taking the derivative of the position function with respect to time. Recall that a derivative gives the rate of change of some parameter, relative to the change of some other variable. When we take the derivative of position with respect to time, we are evaluating how position changes over time; i.e velocity!

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{d}{dt}p(t)

To take the derivative of the position function

\displaystyle p(t)=e^{\cos(\ln(2t))}

We'll need to make use of the following derivative rule(s):

Derivative of an exponential: 

\displaystyle d[e^u]=e^udu

Derivative of a natural log: 

\displaystyle d[ln(u)]=\frac{du}{u}

Trigonometric derivative: 

\displaystyle d[\cos(u)]=-\sin(u)du

Note that u may represent large functions, and not just individual variables!

Using the above properties, the velocity function is

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{-\sin(\ln(2t))e^{\cos(\ln(2t))}}{t}

At time \displaystyle t=1.2

\displaystyle v(1.2)=\frac{-\sin(\ln(2(1.2)))e^{\cos(\ln(2(1.2)))}}{1.2}

\displaystyle v(1.2)=-1.21

Example Question #273 : Spatial Calculus

The acceleration of a particle is given by the function \displaystyle a(t)=3t\cos(t^2)+4t^2\sin(t^3) If the particle has a zero velocity at time \displaystyle t=0, what is the particle's velocity at time \displaystyle t=3 ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 2.34

\displaystyle 4.26

\displaystyle 1.11

\displaystyle -0.33

\displaystyle 1.01

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 2.34

Explanation:

Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity; conversely, velocity can be found by integrating a known acceleration function with respect for time:

\displaystyle v(t)=\int a(t)dt

For the acceleration function

\displaystyle a(t)=3t\cos(t^2)+4t^2\sin(t^3)

The velocity function can be found via knowledge of the following derivative properties:

Trigonometric derivative: 

\displaystyle d[\sin(u)]=\cos(u)du

\displaystyle d[cos(u)]=-\sin(u)du

The velocity function is:

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{3\sin(t^2)}{2}-\frac{4\cos(t^3)}{3}+C

Now, notice the inclusion of the constant of integration of \displaystyle C. Since in the process of derivation all constants are eliminated, it stands to reason that upon integrating back to an original function, we must consider that this original function had a constant included. To solve for this value, use the condition given in the problem for a point in time:

\displaystyle v(0)=\frac{3\sin(0^2)}{2}-\frac{4\cos(0^3)}{3}+C=0

\displaystyle C=\frac{4}{3}

\displaystyle v(t)=\frac{3\sin(t^2)}{2}-\frac{4\cos(t^3)}{3}+\frac{4}{3}

With the knowledge of the full velocity function, the value of the function can be found at time \displaystyle t=3

\displaystyle v(3)=\frac{3\sin(3^2)}{2}-\frac{4\cos(3^3)}{3}+\frac{4}{3}

\displaystyle v(3)=2.34

Example Question #274 : How To Find Velocity

Find the velocity function given the following position function:

\displaystyle s(t)=e^x\sin(x^3)+\frac{1}{x^3}

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle e^t\sin(t^3)+3t^2e^t\cos(t^3)-\frac{3}{t^4}

\displaystyle e^t\sin(t^3)+3t^2e^t\cos(t^3)+\frac{3}{t^4}

\displaystyle e^t\sin(t^3)+e^t\cos(t^3)-\frac{3}{t^4}

\displaystyle e^t\sin(t^3)-3t^2e^t\cos(t^3)-\frac{3}{t^4}

Correct answer:

\displaystyle e^t\sin(t^3)+3t^2e^t\cos(t^3)-\frac{3}{t^4}

Explanation:

The velocity function is given by the first derivative of the position function:

\displaystyle v(t)=s'(t)=e^t\sin(t^3)+3t^2e^t\cos(t^3)-\frac{3}{t^4}

The derivative was found using the following rules:

\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x} x^n=nx^{n-1}\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x} e^x=e^x\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}f(x)g(x)=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x)\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x} f(g(x))=f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x} \sin(x)=\cos(x)

Learning Tools by Varsity Tutors