The Democratic National Convention of 1968 is notable primarily for the fact that the delegates in attendance voted against a resolution to end the war in Vietnam—refusing to make it part of their electoral platform. This sparked a massive conflagration between protesters and armed police, as well as national guardsmen. Although Robert Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, this did not take place at the Democratic National Convention.

The Kent State Massacre took place in 1970. The late 1960s and early 1970s was a period of intense student activism in the United States. Students were protesting for advances in civil rights and equality, but also for an end to American involvement in the Vietnam War. Many students believed that it was absurd and immoral that so many young people should die in a war that did not directly affect American lives. The Kent State Massacre involved the killing of four students by the Ohio National Guard and furthered the divide between the mainstream and the counter-culture in American society.

The Warren Court of the 1950s and 1960s was lead by Chief Justice Earl Warren. During this era, the Supreme Court overturned many laws and precedents that had entrenched racial and gender divides in society. The most famous ruling of this time period is Brown v. Board of Education which ruled that the doctrine in place in much of the South and Midwest “Separate, but equal” was inherently unconstitutional. This overturned decades of precedent which had been established in 1896 with the Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade (1973), decided that the right to abortion was a fundamental right of all women in the United States. The court case has ramifications to this day, and despite the issue presumably having been settled in the courts, it remains extremely polarizing in America—dividing many people into pro-life and pro-choice camps, and inspiring a seemingly endless number of grassroots movements and campaigns. 

Rosa Parks was a United States Civil Rights leader who famously refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. In the majority of the South at this time blacks and whites were segregated in public, and in refusing to give up her seat Rosa Parks was violating the law. Her refusal helped spark and give momentum to the burgeoning civil rights movement. The first African American on the Supreme Court was Thurgood Marshall.

The Supreme Court case, Dred Scott v. Sandford took place in 1857, in the build-up to Civil War. The court ruled that Scott did not have the right to bring a case before the United States government, as he was an African American and thus not a citizen of the United States. The court also ruled that Congress could make no laws preventing the extension of slavery into the territories. Unsurprisingly, it was a controversial court case, even at the time, yet was mostly ignored by those in the North.

The Equal Protection clause states that no state within the union can deny any person the full and equal protection of its laws, particularly on the basis of race or other "arbitrary distinctions." It was passed in 1868, as part of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The name given to the US-led coalition invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was "Operation Enduring Freedom."

Over 80% the worlds 1 billion+ Muslims belong to the Sunni tradition. Around 10-15% belong to the Shia tradition. The two factions originally split over who should rightly succeed the prophet Muhammad upon his death as the leader of the Muslim community. Those who would come to be known as Sunnis backed the eventual successor Abu Bakr, and those who would come to be known as Shiites backed Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, who would also come to power before being assassinated. The term "Shia" is derived from the term for "party of Ali" in Arabic. From this political split, Sunni and Shia Islam diverged in a number of ways in their respective practices of Islam. This division has historically been a tremendous source of strife between the two groups. Iraq is physically located on the border between the Arab-speaking, Sunni-professing region of the Middle East and the historical center of Shia belief in Persian speaking Iran. As a result, Iraq is a majority Shia country, but the country holds a very large Sunni minority and is subject to foreign influence from its many Sunni neighbors. The Sunni/Shia split is a major determinant of Iraqi politics. 

Of these answer choices the Iranian Revolution only led "directly" to the Oil Crisis of 1979. The Oil Crisis of 1973 was a result of various members of OPEC announcing an oil embargo. The Crisis of 1979 occurred as a result of changes in Iran’s openness to western economic intervention and the conflict that broke out between Iraq and Iran, which led both countries to limit supply of oil. The crisis led to a recession in the United States in 1979 and 1980 and propelled the Soviet Union into the position of the number one oil supplier in the world.