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Example Questions
Example Question #861 : Human Anatomy And Physiology
The release of renin ultimately results in the stimulation of which gland?
Thyroid gland
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Anterior pituitary gland
Adrenal cortex
Renin is a hormone released by granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, near the nephron glomerulus. These cells monitor the pressure of the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule. The release of renin will stimulate a cascade of angiotensin I and II. Angiotensin II will ultimately stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion from the filtrate, leading to water retention.
Example Question #862 : Human Anatomy And Physiology
Which of the following directly stimulates the release of aldosterone?
Angiotensinogen
Vasopressin
Angiotensin II
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Renin
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is released from the adrenal cortex. The function of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of sodium ions from the distal tubule. Increased sodium ion concentration in the blood then causes the diffusion of water from the nephron into the circulatory system, preventing water loss due to excretion and increasing blood pressure and volume)
Release of aldosterone is mediated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). When juxtaglomerular cells detect low blood pressure, they release renin. Renin travels to the liver, where there angiotensinogen is produced, and cleaves angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I. Angiotensin I then travels to the lungs, where angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) cleaves it to produce angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then travels to the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of aldosterone into the blood.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of cortisol and cortisone, but does not affect aldosterone release. Vasopressin is released by the posterior pituitary and helps the body to retain water; it is not related to aldosterone release.
Example Question #2 : Help With Raas Physiology
Which of the following is not an effect of angiotensin II?
Stimiulates antiporters to increase reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
Dilutes the urine in order to rid the body of excess fluid
Indirectly increases blood volume via the action of antidiuretic hormone
Vasoconstricts the afferent and efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration rate
Promotes the effects of aldosterone to further increase reabsorption
Dilutes the urine in order to rid the body of excess fluid
Angiotensin II is a major influence on the kidney's function when the body needs to retain fluid - it works in tandem with antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone to accomplish this. Angiotensin II will also act upon the afferent and efferent arterioles in order to control the glomerular filtration rate and stimulates reabsorption to ensure that the body is keeping necessary solutes/molecules. Diluting the filtrate in the nephron is the opposite effect that angiotensin has on the kidney.
Example Question #14 : Excretory And Digestive Physiology
Too much of which of the following substances would cause chronic hypertension (high blood pressure)?
Angiotensin II
Nitric oxide
Prostacyclin
Brain natriuretic peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II (part of the RAAS) works in the body to cause vasoconstriction in an effort to raise blood pressure. Too much of this substance will cause hypertension, another name for elevated blood pressure. Nitric oxide and prostacyclin work to vasodilate and lower blood pressure. Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide are released by the body to lower blood pressure in volume overloaded states.
Example Question #1 : Help With Kidney Physiology
Which of the following is not considered to be a function of the kidney?
Regulation of blood osmolarity
Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Maintaining fluid levels in the body
Thermoregulation
Stimulation of red blood cell production
Thermoregulation
The human kidney has many functions, all of which are important for sustaining life. The kidney controls blood osmolarity by filtering, reabsorbing, and secreting various ions found throughout the body. The kidney controls fluid volume in the body by this same mechanism. Additionally, the kidney produces erythropoietin and renin which stimulate the production of red blood cells and convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, respectively.
Example Question #2 : Help With Kidney Physiology
Which of the following is the outermost layer of the kidney?
Renal medulla
Renal pyramid
Renal sinus
Renal cortex
Renal capsule
Renal capsule
The renal capsule is the outermost structure of the kidney. It is the fibrous connective tissue kidney structure that directly surrounds the renal cortex, and is surrounded by a layer of adipose tissue that protects the kidney from trauma. The renal pyramids, renal sinus, and renal medulla are located deep within the kidney.
Example Question #3 : Help With Kidney Physiology
Which of the following kidney structures is the connection point between the bladder and the kidney itself?
Renal pelvis
Urethra
Renal medulla
Collecting duct
Ureter
Ureter
The urine made within the kidney drains out from the renal pelvis and down the ureter to ultimately be stored in the bladder.
Example Question #3 : Help With Kidney Physiology
A patient presents with severe diarrhea and his test results show a significant loss of . It is likely that the physician will diagnose the patient with:
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Cystic fibrosis
Metabolic acidosis
A very large loss of from the patient will lead to a drastic decrease in pH. Therefore, all alkalosis disorders can be ruled out. Additionally, because the pH decrease is unrelated to an increase in carbon dioxide, it is not a respiratory issue - leaving only metabolic acidosis as a diagnosis. Cystic fibrosis involves the overproduction of thick mucous, which causes severe respiratory pathology; other systems are affected too, but excess bicarbonate secretion is not associated with this genetic disease.
Example Question #4 : Help With Kidney Physiology
Obstruction in the ureters will have what effect on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Increased GFR
None of the other answers
Decreased GFR
GFR increases to
Unchanged GFR
Decreased GFR
Obstruction bilaterally in the ureters leads to decreased GFR due to increased pressure retrograde from the ureters. Bowman space pressure increases to override the GFR pressure. Bowman space pressure does not favor filtration versus GFR pressure (favors filtration).
Example Question #4 : Help With Kidney Physiology
Which of the following is the best estimate for serum osmolality?
Serum osmolality is best estimated at around
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