AP Human Geography Flashcards: Population Composition

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Population Composition, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP Human Geography.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: What does a rectangular-shaped population pyramid indicate?

Answer: A rectangular shape indicates a stable population with low birth and death rates. Characteristic of developed countries with controlled population growth.

Flashcard 2: What does a concave side in a population pyramid suggest?

Answer: A concave side suggests high mortality or emigration at certain ages. Indicates population loss due to deaths or out-migration.

Flashcard 3: What is the elderly support ratio?

Answer: Elderly Support Ratio = $\frac{\text{Working-age population}}{\text{Population 65+}}$. Shows how many working people support each elderly person.

Flashcard 4: What is the dependency ratio?

Answer: The dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents (aged 0-14 and 65+) to the working-age population (15-64). Measures economic burden on the working-age population.

Flashcard 5: What is the infant mortality rate?

Answer: The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a year. Key indicator of healthcare quality and child survival.

Flashcard 6: What is the difference between birth rate and fertility rate?

Answer: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year; fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has. Birth rate is crude measure; fertility rate is per woman.

Flashcard 7: What is the significance of a bulge in a population pyramid?

Answer: A bulge indicates a demographic event, such as a baby boom or influx of migrants. Shows significant demographic events affecting specific age cohorts.

Flashcard 8: What is population composition?

Answer: Population composition refers to the structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties. This definition includes key demographic characteristics that describe population structure.

Flashcard 9: Calculate the dependency ratio given 200 dependents and 800 working-age individuals.

Answer: Dependency Ratio = $\frac{200}{800} \times 100 = 25$. 25 dependents per 100 working-age individuals.

Flashcard 10: What is the crude death rate?

Answer: The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year. Basic measure of mortality in a population per year.

Flashcard 11: Identify the demographic transition model stage with high birth and death rates.

Answer: Stage 1 of the demographic transition model. Pre-industrial stage with high mortality balancing high fertility.

Flashcard 12: What does a high dependency ratio indicate?

Answer: A high dependency ratio indicates a larger proportion of dependents compared to the working-age population. Creates economic strain on the productive population.

Flashcard 13: What does an inverted population pyramid indicate?

Answer: An inverted pyramid indicates a declining population with low birth rates. Narrow base shows fewer births than deaths.

Flashcard 14: Calculate the natural increase rate with crude birth rate of 25 and crude death rate of 10.

Answer: Natural Increase Rate = $25 - 10 = 15$. 15 per 1,000 people net population increase annually.

Flashcard 15: What is the formula for calculating the sex ratio?

Answer: Sex Ratio = $\frac{\text{Number of Males}}{\text{Number of Females}} \times 100$. Expressed as males per 100 females.

Flashcard 16: What does a youthful population mean?

Answer: A youthful population means a high proportion of the population is under age 15. Large proportion of young people indicates high birth rates.

Flashcard 17: What does a high dependency ratio indicate?

Answer: A high dependency ratio indicates a larger proportion of dependents compared to the working-age population. Creates economic strain on the productive population.

Flashcard 18: What is the crude birth rate?

Answer: The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year. A basic demographic measure not adjusted for age structure.

Flashcard 19: What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

Answer: The Total Fertility Rate is the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime. Measures reproductive behavior across a woman's reproductive years.

Flashcard 20: What is a cohort in demography?

Answer: A cohort is a group of individuals who experience the same event within a specified period. Used to study demographic patterns and trends over time.

Flashcard 21: Calculate the dependency ratio given 200 dependents and 800 working-age individuals.

Answer: Dependency Ratio = $\frac{200}{800} \times 100 = 25$. 25 dependents per 100 working-age individuals.

Flashcard 22: What is a population density?

Answer: Population density is the number of people living per unit of area, typically per square kilometer or mile. Measures how concentrated people are in a given space.

Flashcard 23: What is population composition?

Answer: Population composition refers to the structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties. This definition includes key demographic characteristics that describe population structure.

Flashcard 24: What is a cohort in demography?

Answer: A cohort is a group of individuals who experience the same event within a specified period. Used to study demographic patterns and trends over time.

Flashcard 25: What is the crude death rate?

Answer: The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year. Basic measure of mortality in a population per year.

Flashcard 26: What is the infant mortality rate?

Answer: The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a year. Key indicator of healthcare quality and child survival.

Flashcard 27: Identify the stage of demographic transition with low birth and death rates.

Answer: Stage 4 of the demographic transition model. Post-industrial stage with stable, low growth rates.

Flashcard 28: Calculate the natural increase rate with crude birth rate of 25 and crude death rate of 10.

Answer: Natural Increase Rate = $25 - 10 = 15$. 15 per 1,000 people net population increase annually.

Flashcard 29: What is the life expectancy?

Answer: Life expectancy is the average number of years a newborn is expected to live under current mortality levels. Reflects overall health conditions and quality of life.

Flashcard 30: What is the significance of the median age?

Answer: The median age indicates the age at which half the population is older and half is younger. Divides population into equal halves by age.

Flashcard 31: What is the demographic dividend?

Answer: The demographic dividend is the economic growth potential from shifts in a population's age structure. Occurs when large working-age population supports fewer dependents.

Flashcard 32: What does a wide base in a population pyramid indicate?

Answer: A wide base in a population pyramid indicates a high birth rate. More births mean larger younger age cohorts.

Flashcard 33: What does a wide base in a population pyramid indicate?

Answer: A wide base in a population pyramid indicates a high birth rate. More births mean larger younger age cohorts.

Flashcard 34: What is the natural increase rate?

Answer: Natural increase rate is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. Shows net population change from births and deaths only.

Flashcard 35: Which demographic transition model stage has declining birth rates?

Answer: Stage 3 of the demographic transition model. Later industrial stage when family size preferences change.

Flashcard 36: What is the sex ratio?

Answer: The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. Compares the number of males to females in a population.

Flashcard 37: Identify the demographic transition model stage with high birth and death rates.

Answer: Stage 1 of the demographic transition model. Pre-industrial stage with high mortality balancing high fertility.

Flashcard 38: Which stage of the demographic transition model has a rapidly decreasing death rate?

Answer: Stage 2 of the demographic transition model. Early industrial stage when healthcare improves but births remain high.

Flashcard 39: What is the dependency ratio?

Answer: The dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents (aged 0-14 and 65+) to the working-age population (15-64). Measures economic burden on the working-age population.

Flashcard 40: What is the meaning of zero population growth?

Answer: Zero population growth occurs when the number of births equals the number of deaths, leading to no net population change. Population remains constant with births equaling deaths.

Flashcard 41: What is the child dependency ratio?

Answer: Child Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Population 0-14}}{\text{Population 15-64}} \times 100$. Measures burden of children on working-age population.

Flashcard 42: What is the life expectancy?

Answer: Life expectancy is the average number of years a newborn is expected to live under current mortality levels. Reflects overall health conditions and quality of life.

Flashcard 43: What is the elderly support ratio?

Answer: Elderly Support Ratio = $\frac{\text{Working-age population}}{\text{Population 65+}}$. Shows how many working people support each elderly person.

Flashcard 44: What is a population pyramid?

Answer: A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population. Visual representation showing age cohorts as horizontal bars.

Flashcard 45: What is the significance of the median age?

Answer: The median age indicates the age at which half the population is older and half is younger. Divides population into equal halves by age.

Flashcard 46: Identify the term for a population's age and sex structure.

Answer: Age-sex structure. Technical term for population composition by age and gender.

Flashcard 47: What is the formula for calculating the sex ratio?

Answer: Sex Ratio = $\frac{\text{Number of Males}}{\text{Number of Females}} \times 100$. Expressed as males per 100 females.

Flashcard 48: What is the significance of a bulge in a population pyramid?

Answer: A bulge indicates a demographic event, such as a baby boom or influx of migrants. Shows significant demographic events affecting specific age cohorts.

Flashcard 49: What is the demographic dividend?

Answer: The demographic dividend is the economic growth potential from shifts in a population's age structure. Occurs when large working-age population supports fewer dependents.

Flashcard 50: What is the sex ratio?

Answer: The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. Compares the number of males to females in a population.

Flashcard 51: Identify the stage of demographic transition with low birth and death rates.

Answer: Stage 4 of the demographic transition model. Post-industrial stage with stable, low growth rates.

Flashcard 52: What is the natural increase rate?

Answer: Natural increase rate is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. Shows net population change from births and deaths only.

Flashcard 53: Which demographic transition model stage has declining birth rates?

Answer: Stage 3 of the demographic transition model. Later industrial stage when family size preferences change.

Flashcard 54: Which stage of the demographic transition model has a rapidly decreasing death rate?

Answer: Stage 2 of the demographic transition model. Early industrial stage when healthcare improves but births remain high.

Flashcard 55: What does a rectangular-shaped population pyramid indicate?

Answer: A rectangular shape indicates a stable population with low birth and death rates. Characteristic of developed countries with controlled population growth.

Flashcard 56: How is the elderly dependency ratio calculated?

Answer: Elderly Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Population 65+}}{\text{Population 15-64}} \times 100$. Measures burden of elderly on working-age population.

Flashcard 57: Calculate the sex ratio with 1,040 males and 1,000 females.

Answer: Sex Ratio = $\frac{1040}{1000} \times 100 = 104$. 104 males per 100 females in this population.

Flashcard 58: What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

Answer: The Total Fertility Rate is the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime. Measures reproductive behavior across a woman's reproductive years.

Flashcard 59: What does a youthful population mean?

Answer: A youthful population means a high proportion of the population is under age 15. Large proportion of young people indicates high birth rates.

Flashcard 60: What does a narrow top in a population pyramid suggest?

Answer: A narrow top suggests a smaller elderly population, indicating lower life expectancy. Fewer elderly indicates shorter average lifespan.

Flashcard 61: What is a population density?

Answer: Population density is the number of people living per unit of area, typically per square kilometer or mile. Measures how concentrated people are in a given space.

Flashcard 62: What is a population pyramid?

Answer: A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population. Visual representation showing age cohorts as horizontal bars.

Flashcard 63: Identify the term for a population's age and sex structure.

Answer: Age-sex structure. Technical term for population composition by age and gender.

Flashcard 64: How is the elderly dependency ratio calculated?

Answer: Elderly Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Population 65+}}{\text{Population 15-64}} \times 100$. Measures burden of elderly on working-age population.

Flashcard 65: What is a replacement-level fertility rate?

Answer: Replacement-level fertility is the TFR at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically 2.1. 2.1 accounts for infant mortality and ensures population stability.

Flashcard 66: What is the child dependency ratio?

Answer: Child Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Population 0-14}}{\text{Population 15-64}} \times 100$. Measures burden of children on working-age population.

Flashcard 67: Calculate the sex ratio with 1,040 males and 1,000 females.

Answer: Sex Ratio = $\frac{1040}{1000} \times 100 = 104$. 104 males per 100 females in this population.

Flashcard 68: What does a narrow top in a population pyramid suggest?

Answer: A narrow top suggests a smaller elderly population, indicating lower life expectancy. Fewer elderly indicates shorter average lifespan.

Flashcard 69: Which age group is considered 'working age'?

Answer: Working age is typically considered to be ages 15-64. This age range represents people typically in the workforce.

Flashcard 70: Identify the term for the study of population statistics.

Answer: Demography is the study of population statistics. The scientific study of human populations and their characteristics.

Flashcard 71: What is the meaning of zero population growth?

Answer: Zero population growth occurs when the number of births equals the number of deaths, leading to no net population change. Population remains constant with births equaling deaths.

Flashcard 72: What does an inverted population pyramid indicate?

Answer: An inverted pyramid indicates a declining population with low birth rates. Narrow base shows fewer births than deaths.

Flashcard 73: What does a concave side in a population pyramid suggest?

Answer: A concave side suggests high mortality or emigration at certain ages. Indicates population loss due to deaths or out-migration.

Flashcard 74: Identify the term for the study of population statistics.

Answer: Demography is the study of population statistics. The scientific study of human populations and their characteristics.

Flashcard 75: What is a replacement-level fertility rate?

Answer: Replacement-level fertility is the TFR at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically 2.1. 2.1 accounts for infant mortality and ensures population stability.

Flashcard 76: What is the crude birth rate?

Answer: The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year. A basic demographic measure not adjusted for age structure.

Flashcard 77: What is the difference between birth rate and fertility rate?

Answer: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year; fertility rate is the average number of children a woman has. Birth rate is crude measure; fertility rate is per woman.