Precalculus : Introductory Calculus

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for Precalculus

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Example Questions

Example Question #1 : Pre Calculus

The function \displaystyle f(x) is such that

\displaystyle f'(0) = 0

 

When you take the second derivative of the function \displaystyle f(x), you obtain 

\displaystyle f''(x) = x^2

What can you conclude about the function at \displaystyle x=0?

Possible Answers:

The point is a local minimum.

The point is an inflection point.

The point is an absolute minimum.

The point is a local maximum.

The point is an absolute maximum.

Correct answer:

The point is an inflection point.

Explanation:

We have a point at which \displaystyle f^{'}(x)=0. We know from the second derivative test that if the second derivative is negative, the function has a maximum at that point. If the second derivative is positive, the function has a minimum at that point. If the second derivative is zero, the function has an inflection point at that point.

Plug in 0 into the second derivative to obtain 

\displaystyle f''(0)=0

So the point is an inflection point.

Example Question #1 : Pre Calculus

Consider the function 

\displaystyle f(x)=x^2-x

Find the maximum of the function on the interval \displaystyle \left [ 0,1 \right ].

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 1

\displaystyle 0

\displaystyle 0.5

\displaystyle -1

\displaystyle -0.5

Correct answer:

\displaystyle 0

Explanation:

Notice that on the interval \displaystyle \left [ 0,1 \right ], the term \displaystyle \ x^{2} is always less than or equal to \displaystyle x. So the function is largest at the points when \displaystyle x^2=x. This occurs at \displaystyle x=0 and \displaystyle x=1.

Plugging in either 1 or 0 into the original function \displaystyle f(x) yields the correct answer of 0.

Example Question #1 : Derivatives

In what \displaystyle x-intervals are the relative minimum and relative maximum for the function below?

\displaystyle f(x)=x^3-3x^2-4x

Possible Answers:

Correct answer:

Explanation:

A cubic function will have at most one relative minimum and one relative maximum.  We can determine the zeros be factoring at \displaystyle x=-1,0,4.  From then we only need to determine if the graph is positive or negative in-between the zeros. 

The graph is positive between \displaystyle -1 and \displaystyle 0 (plug in \displaystyle x=-0.5) and negative between 0 and 4 (plug in \displaystyle x=1).  This can also be seen from the graph.

 

Wolframalpha--graph_of_y__x3-3x2-4x_from_x__-5_to_x__5_y__-15_to_y15--2014-12-19_0045

Example Question #1 : Derivatives

What is the minimum of the function \displaystyle f(x)=x^2-10x+26?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle (7,3)

\displaystyle (5,1)

\displaystyle (4,0)

\displaystyle (6,2)

Correct answer:

\displaystyle (5,1)

Explanation:

The vertex form of a parabola is:

\displaystyle f(x)=a(x-h)^2+k

where \displaystyle {}(h,k) is the vertex of the parabola.

The function for this problem can be simplified into vetex form of a parabola: 

\displaystyle f(x)=(x-5)^2+1 ,

with a vertex at \displaystyle (5,1).

Since the parabola is concave up, the minimum will be at the vertex of the parabola, which is at \displaystyle (5,1).

Example Question #1 : Limits

At what value of \displaystyle x is the function discontinuous,

 \displaystyle f(x)=\frac{x^2+4}{x-2} ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle x=0

There is no hole

\displaystyle x=2

\displaystyle x=-2

Correct answer:

\displaystyle x=2

Explanation:

To find discontinuity we need to look at where the denominator of the function is equal to zero. Looking at our function,

\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{x^2+4}{x-2} 

we need to set the denominator equal to zero and solve for \displaystyle x:

\displaystyle x-2=0

\displaystyle x=2

When \displaystyle x = 2\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{8}{0} which is undefined.

Therefore \displaystyle x=2 is where the function is discontinuous.

Example Question #1 : Introductory Calculus

What is the

 \displaystyle \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}f(x)=\frac{1}{x} ?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle \infty

\displaystyle 0

\displaystyle -\infty

The limit does not exist

Correct answer:

\displaystyle -\infty

Explanation:

\displaystyle \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}f(x)=\frac{1}{x}

Means to find the limit of the function as \displaystyle x approaches \displaystyle 0 from the left. We can see that \displaystyle x=0 is a vertical asymptote therefore we need to look at numbers extremely close to zero on the left side. The value of \displaystyle y continues to decrease to the left of zero, with the value of \displaystyle y decreasing even more as \displaystyle x gets closer to \displaystyle 0. Thus, the limit is \displaystyle -\infty

Example Question #2 : Limits

What is the

\displaystyle \lim_{x \rightarrow 3}\frac{x^2-8x+15}{x^2-9}?

Possible Answers:

The limit does not exist

\displaystyle 1

\displaystyle -\frac{5}{3}

\displaystyle -\frac{1}{3}

Correct answer:

\displaystyle -\frac{1}{3}

Explanation:

We first need to simplify the function, we can do this by factoring the numerator and denominator.

\displaystyle \frac{x^2-8x+15}{x^2-9}=\frac{(x-3)(x-5)}{(x-3)(x+3)}=\frac{(x-5)}{(x+3)}

If we plug in 3 into the simplified function, we get:

\displaystyle \frac{(3-5)}{(3+3)}=-\frac{2}{6}=-\frac{1}{3}

Example Question #1 : Introductory Calculus

What is the

 \displaystyle \lim_{x \rightarrow 4}\frac{3x-5}{2x^2+10}?

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}

\displaystyle -\frac{1}{2}

\displaystyle 0

\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}

Correct answer:

\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}

Explanation:

Substituting \displaystyle 4 in for \displaystyle x we get the following:

\displaystyle \frac{3(4)-5}{2(4)^2+10}=\frac{12-5}{2(16)+10}=\frac{7}{32+10}

\displaystyle \frac{7}{42}=\frac{1}{6}

Example Question #5 : Limits

Evaluate the following:

\displaystyle \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty }\frac{6x^{4}-2x^{7}+8x^{5}}{2x^{2}-7x+3x^{5}}

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 0

\displaystyle +\infty

limit does not exist

\displaystyle -\infty

\displaystyle +\frac{8}{3}

Correct answer:

\displaystyle -\infty

Explanation:

When evaluating limits at infinity there are three rules to keep in mind:

  1. If the degree of the highest exponent in the numerator is equal to the degree of the highest exponent in the denominator, then the limit is equal to the ratio of the coefficient of the highest exponent in the numerator over the coefficient of the highest exponent in the denominator. Make sure to include signs. 
  2. If the degree of the highest exponent in the numerator is less than the degree of the highest exponent in the denominator, the limit = 0.
  3. If the degree of the highest exponent in the numerator is greater than the degree of the higest exponent in the denominator, divide the highest power in the numerator by the highest power in the denominator and substitute for inifity. You will either subsitute for positive or negative infinity based on what the questions asks you to evaluate the limit at. 

In this case, the degree is higher in the numerator than the denominator (rule #3). Hence, you need to divide the highest powers and evaluate.

\displaystyle \frac{-x^{7}}{x^{5}}=-x^{2}

Evaluate \displaystyle \infty as x:

\displaystyle -(\infty ^{2})=-\infty

Answer: limit = \displaystyle -\infty

 

 

Example Question #6 : Limits

Evaluate the following:

\displaystyle \lim_{x\rightarrow -\infty }\frac{6x^{3}+9x^{2}-12x^{4}}{3x^{4}-x^{2}+x}

Possible Answers:

\displaystyle 0

\displaystyle -4

\displaystyle 4

\displaystyle +\infty

\displaystyle -\infty

Correct answer:

\displaystyle -4

Explanation:

When evaluating limits at infinity there are three rules to keep in mind:

  1. If the degree of the highest exponent in the numerator is equal to the degree of the highest exponent in the denominator, then the limit is equal to the ratio of the coefficient of the highest exponent in the numerator over the coefficient of the highest exponent in the denominator. Make sure to include signs. 
  2. If the degree of the highest exponent in the numerator is less than the degree of the highest exponent in the denominator, the limit = 0.
  3. If the degree of the highest exponent in the numerator is greater than the degree of the higest exponent in the denominator, divide the highest power in the numerator by the highest power in the denominator and substitute for inifity. You will either subsitute for positive or negative infinity based on what the questions asks you to evaluate the limit at. 

In this case, the both the numerator and denominator have the highest degree of an exponent of 4 (rule #1). Hence, you need to compare the ratio of the coefficients. 

\displaystyle \frac{-12}{3}= -4

Answer: limit = \displaystyle -4

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