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Flashcards: Cause and effect

Adapted from "Taking a Second Look: An Analysis of Genetic Markers in Species Relatedness" by Joseph Ritchie (2014)

Phylogenetics is the study of genetic composition in various species and is used by evolutionary biologists to investigate similarities in the molecular sequences of proteins in varying organisms. The amino acid sequences that build proteins are used to construct mathematical matrices that aid in determining evolutionary ties through the investigation of percentage similarities. The study of these matrices helps to expose evolutionary relationships between species that may not have the same overt characteristics.

Species adapt and evolve based on the pressures that exist in their environment. Climate, food source, and habitat availability are only a few factors that act on species adaptation. These stressors can alter the physical characteristics of organisms. This divergence in evolution has made it difficult to determine the interrelatedness of organisms by analyzing their physical characteristics alone.

For instance, looking only at physical characteristics, the ghost bat resembles a pigeon more than a spider monkey; however, phylogenetics has found that the amino acid sequences that construct the beta hemoglobin molecules of bats are twenty percent more similar to those of mammalian primates than those of birds. This helps reject the assumption that common physical characteristics between species are all that is needed to determine relatedness.

The differences produced by divergent evolution observed in the forest-dwelling, arboreal spider monkey and the nocturnal, airborne ghost bat can be reconciled through homology. Homologous characteristics are anatomical traits that are similar in two or more different species. For instance, the bone structure of a spider monkey’s wrist and fingers greatly resembles that of a bat’s wing or even a whale’s fin. These similarities are reinforced by phylogenetic evidence that supports the idea that physically dissimilar species can be evolutionarily related through anatomical and genetic similarities.

The anatomical similarities between a horse's legs and a seal's flippers are best explained by which of the following?

Homology

Coincidence

Evolutionary adaptation

Collusion

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Flashcards: Cause and effect

The anatomical similarities between a horse's legs and a seal's flippers are best explained by which of the following?

Your answer:

Coincidence

Your answer:

Evolutionary adaptation

Your answer:

Collusion

Correct answer:

Homology

Explanation:

Paragraph four states that homology explains the anatomical similarities between a bat's wing and a whale's flipper. It would be reasonable to assume that homology could also explain the anatomical similarities between a horse's legs and a seal's flippers.

Flashcards: Cause and effect

The following is an excerpt from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1813):

“From the very beginning— from the first moment, I may almost say— of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form the groundwork of disapprobation on which succeeding events have built so immovable a dislike; and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.”

In the passage above, which of the following cause and effect relationships are evident?

Since the speaker observed arrogant and selfish behaviors in the listener, the speaker does not want to marry the listener.

Since the speaker observed arrogant and selfish behaviors in the listener, the speaker wants to marry the listener.

Since the speaker observed humble and selfless behaviors in the listener, the speaker does not want to marry the listener.

Since the speaker observed arrogant and selfish behaviors in the listener, the speaker believes that they can help the listener become a better person.

Since the speaker observed humble and selfless behaviors in the listener, the speaker wants to marry the listener.

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Flashcards: Cause and effect

In the passage above, which of the following cause and effect relationships are evident?

Your answer:

Since the speaker observed arrogant and selfish behaviors in the listener, the speaker wants to marry the listener.

Your answer:

Since the speaker observed humble and selfless behaviors in the listener, the speaker does not want to marry the listener.

Your answer:

Since the speaker observed arrogant and selfish behaviors in the listener, the speaker believes that they can help the listener become a better person.

Your answer:

Since the speaker observed humble and selfless behaviors in the listener, the speaker wants to marry the listener.

Correct answer:

Since the speaker observed arrogant and selfish behaviors in the listener, the speaker does not want to marry the listener.

Explanation:

The speaker lists the reasons they do not like the listener, including the listener's arrogance and selfishness. The speaker then asserts that they definitely do not want to marry the listener, implying that this distaste is thanks to these negative qualities.

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Flashcards: Cause and effect

Flashcards: Cause and effect

Flashcards: Cause and effect

Flashcards: Cause and effect

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Flashcards: Cause and effect

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Flashcards: Cause and effect

Flashcards: Cause and effect

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