Although it is certainly true that the evangelical feeling of much of Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century played a role in the motivation behind the New Imperialism, it was much less significant of a factor than was the constant need for more raw materials and more markets. The industrial, consumer economies of Europe were growing at an unprecedented rate and burning through raw resources more quickly than they could be supplied. They needed new raw materials and new markets to keep the system growing at the same pace, and so conquered much of the known world. The intellectual arguments of Kipling and others were more like excuses for clearly amoral behavior than they were actual primary motivating factors.

The Seven Years’ War was primarily waged between Britain and France in the middle of the eighteenth century. It was the culmination of more than a century of global competition between the British and the French to acquire more and more colonies. It was fought in Europe, North America, Asia, and on the seas. It ended in victory for the British and the loss of numerous French territories, including some in India and North America.

The British Empire grew much larger than the other European empires in large part because Britain's colonies were permanently settled in much larger numbers. In America, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, India, and several smaller nations, as well as on several smaller islands, the English arrived and established permanent settlements. The French, for example, were much more likely to establish temporary trading posts.

Mercantilism was the prevailing economic theory of the first age of exploration and colonization. The primary goal of any country under the direction of mercantilism was to ensure a favorable balance of trade with overseas colonies and European trading partners. A country could achieve this by exporting more than it imported. This led to a frantic competition for colonies between the nations of Europe and exacerbated the desire to acquire new territories.

The Russians were defeated by the French and the British in the Crimean War in the middle of the nineteenth century and subsequently underwent a massive project of modernization and industrialization. Likewise, the Japanese were routinely humiliated by the demands of the Western Europeans (and the United States) and developed an industrial economy with a military modeled on the Prussians in order to better be able to resist.

Within two years of having landed Cortés and his force of allied tribes had alienated the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan. Cortés attempted to put king Moctezuma under house arrest, at which point the populace revolted. Cortés was ousted by the popular uprising. Cortes would, however, return with an even larger army and take the capital in 1521. 

Leif Erickson explored what is today known as Newfoundland, a part of Canada, a full 500 years before Christopher Columbus began his journey in 1492.

The Weimar Constitution of 1919 was intended to replace the German government as ruled by the Kaiser before the end of World War II, and as such featured universal suffrage, wide-ranging checks and balances, and a mix of parliamentary and presidential systems. The wide-ranging, democratic reforms in the Weimar Constitution created a flourishing republic in Germany in the 1920s and the early 1930s; however, the lack of thresholds for Parliamentary representation gave legitimacy to many different ideologies and political parties, while its checks and balances were placed so as to give individuals like the Chancellor and the President expansive powers. These parts of the Weimar Constitution enabled Adolph Hitler and the National Socialists to take power in Germany by 1933.

Queen Elizabeth I of England died in 1603 without any children to succeed her. The issue of succession was one that worried many during Elizabeth’s lifetime, with some assuming that James VI of Scotland, the son of Elizabeth’s cousin, would become king. A lot of people also feared the possibility of war breaking out over the selection of the next monarch, which was extremely likely. Fortunately, many advisers and others within government had anticipated that possibility and contacted James to convey that he should come to England at once upon Elizabeth’s death. When Elizabeth died, James rode quickly to London where he was proclaimed king and became King James I of England, thus uniting the two monarchies. The countries would continue to be separate states until full unification in 1707, but that was only possible through the ascension of James.

The Battle of Bosworth Field took place on August 22, 1485, and ended when the Lancastrian Henry Tudor defeated the Yorkist King Richard III to become King Henry VII of England. This event ended the Wars of the Roses, a century-long civil war that ripped England apart along the rival lines of the Houses of York and Lancaster. Henry took the throne and married the princess Elizabeth of York, which ended the conflict and brought stability to England for the first time in a century.