The Suez Canal was built through Egypt to allow ships to pass from the Arabian Sea into the Mediterranean. Previously ships had had to sail around the Southern horn of Africa in order to bring goods from the Far East to Europe. The construction of the Suez Canal dramatically shortened the time needed to transport goods and thus increased the flow of trade between Europe and the Far East.  

Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco all came under French administration in the time period mentioned. Algeria, in particular, would have profound implications for the French imperial experience for the next several decades.

The term “extraterritoriality” means exempt from local laws, subject to laws of one’s home country as opposed to the country one currently resides in. So in the context of Europeans in China it meant that they were legally free from the constraints of the Chinese legal system and were only subject to the laws of their home country. This, naturally, greatly angered much of the local Chinese population and was a source of consistent tension.

The Dutch controlled the territory of Indonesia until their defeat to the Japanese in the Second World War. Following the end of the Second World War the Dutch tried to re-implement control, but met with fierce and organized resistance. Sukarno led the resistance against the Dutch until Indonesian independence was formalized in 1954. Sukarno would continue to rule as a military dictator for another decade or so.

The end of World War Two brought to an end the unprecedented period of European global hegemony which had been building from the fifteenth century and reached its height in the years from 1870-1918. By 1945 and the end of the Second World War the major imperial nations of Europe were economically devastated and unable to hold on to their overseas colonies. This inadequacy combined with a rising international support for independence and national self-determination led to the rapid break up of European imperialism in the twenty years that followed the Second World War.

The Boxer Rebellion broke out in China in the last years of the nineteenth century and was eventually crushed by the combined efforts of local government administrators and the European powers in 1900. The rebellion broke out in China due to anger directed at the growing influence of European powers in Chinese affairs.

In 1956, the Egyptian government, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. This led to a declaration of war from Israel followed in short order to declarations of war by the French and British, as well as by other allies. The war is often seen as the final death of the British Empire, as it ended in failure for the invading powers and humiliation on the international stage.

It is generally accepted by many historians that former British colonies have fared better than the former colonies of other European powers. This is primarily attributed to the British commitment to encourage the local population to participate in and control the administration of their territory. This, it is said, better prepared the colonial people for self-rule following the end of European rule.

The French did not give up their colonies without a fight in the years following World War Two. The French left Indochina in the mid-1950s following their defeat to the forces of resistance. Likewise, the French tried desperately to hold onto their territory in Algeria, but were eventually overwhelmed by the strength of nationalist resistance in the country.

The Geneva Accords divided Vietnam, formerly a part of French Indochina, into a communist North Vietnam and a capitalist South Vietnam. The intention was to prevent conflict, but as the Cold War escalated, conflict became almost inevitable.