Alfred the Great unified Wessex (known today as Essex) and conquered Mercia, which made up a large part of England. Though his reign was brief his line did manage to unify much of England until conquered by William in 1066 who also unified the rest of what Alfred and his sons and grandsons could not. 

William the Conqueror was also known as William the Duke of Normandy. He was born in Normandy and gained control of Normandy in 1035, in 1066 he left to conquer England and he and his sons to follow him were successful in conquering and uniting the territory that is known as England today.

Elizabeth I brought stability in a time of turmoil for England, after the tribulations of her father Henry VIII and the mad scramble for the throne that ensued after his death, Elizabeth brought a sense of calm and poise to the ruling of England.

Alfred the Great of Wessex was key in reclaiming England for England. As a native of Wessex, fighting against Danish control of England was a daunting task, seeing as how the Danes controlled the majority of England. Through careful negotiation and wise tactics Alfred was able to seize control of Wessex and then expand his control to the other territories in England.

Vendée is a region in France. Huguenots were French protestants. The guillotine was a device used to execute people. The Bastille was a prison. The only proper answer is Jacobins.

The Carnation Revolution witnessed the fall of the Estado Novo regime and led to decolonization of Portugal's possessions in Africa. April 25 is celebrated in Portugal as Freedom Day.

The female suffrage movement really took off in the middle of the nineteenth century, but was unable to gain much ground in European society until early in the twentieth century. The turning point was the outbreak of World War One, when so many men were forced away from their workplaces to fight, and die, on the battlefield. After the women of this time period were given new responsibilities, they demanded new rights to go with them, and many governments found that they no longer could withhold the right to vote from women. The majority of European governments extended the right to vote to women either during or shortly after World War One; however, notable late adopters include France in 1944, Italy in 1947, and Switzerland in 1971.

Under Napoleon’s Civil Code, the gains made by the previous generations of women were reversed and women were deprived of many of the rights they had temporarily enjoyed, such as the right to freely divorce and own property. France returned to the extremely patriarchal society of the Ancien Regime.

Protestantism did not take quick and dramatic root in France, as it did in many other European countries during the Protestant Reformation; however, by the middle of the sixteenth century, roughly an eighth of the French population was a “Huguenot,” or a French Calvinist. A series of proclamations encouraging, then revoking, toleration of religious freedom came to a head at the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, when the Catholic population of the city, urged on by certain members of government, massacred the Huguenot population.

Throughout much of the seventeenth century, the relationship between Parliament, the people, and the monarchy was fraught to say the least. It first came to a head in the 1640s with the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I; however, when the English people tired of Cromwell and his Puritan government they invited the monarchy back into power. Once again the monarch (this time James II) managed to offend the people and Parliament by attempting to encourage toleration of Catholics in the Kingdom. This led Parliament to effectively “invite” William to invade (somewhat peacefully) from the Netherlands and take the English crown for himself. As James II fled and there was almost no bloodshed, it is called The Glorious Revolution in British parlance. Once William and Mary were established as ruling monarchs of England, Parliament was in no mood to court the absolute power of Kings again and insisted on the establishment of the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights limits the power of the Crown and describes the powers reserved for Parliament.