The idea of “cultural landscapes” is most closely associated with the geographer Carl Sauer, who first defined them. Sauer argued that all regions of the Earth were impacted by human behavior and had been altered by human interaction, he also believed that cultural landscapes were the most important branch of geographic inquiry.

The term “primogeniture” refers to a system of inheritance whereby the eldest (usually male) child receives all of the family inheritance and property. It was commonly practiced throughout Europe until very recently, and has long been common in many other parts of the world as well.

Environmental determinism is the notion that our physical environment has a massive and often controlling effect on us. In essence, this theory believes that physical environments dictate much of our lives.

Time distance decay is defined as the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin. For example, a new law passed in California is more likely to be accepted in Oregon rather than Georgia. Additionally, this new law is more likely to be passed in other states soon after the initial passage in California, as opposed to years later.

Africa, home to over a thousand languages, has the most languages out of any continent. Many Africans speak two or more languages.

The lingua franca is the language of trade, used for merchants to communicate with others who do not speak their native language. In modern times, the lingua franca is English. English is taught in schools worldwide, and while it is not the most widely spoken language, it has become the language of trade worldwide.

Someone who is “bilingual” can speak two languages. For example, it is common for American children born to Latin-American immigrants to speak Spanish and English with equal fluency. They are said to be “bilingual.” Although someone who is bilingual may possess dual citizenship and may be born to parents of different ethnicities, this is not the definition of the word.

Literacy is the ability to read and write. It is a commonly used as a measure to determine the relative development of societies world over. In this manner, “illiteracy” is the inability to read and write.

“Esperanto” was the name given to a universal second language created by the Polish linguist L.L. Zamenhof. Zamenhof took elements from a wide variety of different languages and combined them into one language: Esperanto. The primary intention was to provide a universal second language that people all over the world could use to communicate with one another.

Throughout much of the developing world, many local and indigenous languages have gone extinct or are in danger of going extinct. This phenomenon—the death, birth, and evolution of languages—has been a constant feature of human history; however, this rate of extinction and uniformity has accelerated dramatically in the last several hundred years. There are two primary forces driving this accelerated extinction: colonialism and globalization. Colonialism has changed cultural dynamics by providing an official government language different than those spoken by the native people. In doing so, it forced them to speak a new language in order to deal with the power brokers of their society. These official government languages have often remained post-independence. In a similar vein, globalization has homogenized the world’s cultural and economic experiences. European and American products and media have proliferated around the world. Subsequently, their languages have spread around the world as well.