Erik Erikson was a theorist who believed each stage of life has its own task to overcome. The stages included: infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. He assigned each stage an approximate age range.

In terms of the toddlerhood stage (from one to three years of age), Erikson believed the issue be resolved was associated with autonomy versus shame and doubt. His understanding was that a toddler would begin to do things for itself and exercise its will. If the toddler does not exercise its autonomy, then he or she will doubt its own abilities.

While the other provided options are stages in Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, they each have their own tasks such as trust versus mistrust or identity versus role confusion.

In this experiment, Harry and Margaret Harlow used a cylinder wire “mother” that had a feeding bottle attached to it and a terry cloth “mother” had no feeding source. The dominating theory of the time hypothesized that infants were attached to those that provided nourishment. If this were true, then the monkey would have been expected to cling to the wire cylinder “mother” with the feeding source. The test monkeys were observed and it was noted that they possessed a tendency to cling to the terry cloth surrogate mothers. They not only showed an overwhelming preference for this surrogate but also were visibly distressed when separated from the terry cloth figure. Researchers noticed that the baby monkeys would cling to the soft mother in times of distress or anxiety. Similarly, human children have been observed to use their parents as secure bases when exploring new environments. This experiment led researchers to realize that it was body contact and touch as opposed to nourishment that created the grounds for attachment.

The developmental factor described in the scenario is the social/biological clock (i.e. the invisible time-bound expectation that young adults have regarding the order in which life events such as career, marriage, and parenthood must occur). When they begin to have these transitions out of order or these transitions are delayed, it may cause distress in certain individuals. 

Traditional marriages include men and women assuming typical gender roles where the husband is the "breadwinner" and the wife is the "homemaker." On the other hand, egalitarian marriages involve men and women taking on and balancing roles and responsibilities within the family and at work.

As the adult child, an individual often fulfills the role of parent and caretaker for two generations, which is called the "sandwich generation." The remaining choices are distractors. 

Kubler-Ross developed an explanation for the series of stages people go through when faced with their own death. According to this model, most people experience the stages in the following order: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. One way to remember this is by the acronym DABDA. Note that shame and anxiety are not stages in this model. 

Jane's parents are authoritative, meaning they set high standards for their children but are also flexible and reasonable. Authoritarian parents tend to set high standards, but are not warm or responsive. They expect obedience and leave little room for negotiation. Permissive parents can be warm and responsive, but have few rules for their children. Secure is not a term used to describe parenting style. Rather, it describes attachment. Securely attached children are distressed when their parents leave the room but welcome them on their return. Authoritative parents often raise secure children. Ambivalent children are distressed when their parents leave but are not welcoming when they return. 

Cooperative play is the most advanced stage of play in which a child is interested in both other children and the play activity. Some examples of cooperative play include "freeze tag" and "red rover." 

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages, adolescents are faced with how they appear to others (especially same-age peers) and take this time to "try on" different roles to see how others react. This stage is completed when the individual has adopted a comprehensive identity. 

Lawrence Kohlberg developed three levels of morality to describe people: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional thought. Pre-conventional thought is the most elementary of the three levels, in which actions are thought to be good or bad based on the rewards or punishments that stem from said action.