Telomeres are present at the ends of chromosomes. If one really understands the passage, one can see that Robertsonian translocation places the ends of chromosomes together to form the middle of the derivative chromosome. We would expect to find telomeres in this region.

The genotype of the father is definitely AB. The genotype of the mother is either AA or AO.

Below are the Punnett squares that show that types A, B, and AB are possible. Note that the genotype AO will result in a type A phenotype, while the genotype BO will result in a type B phenotype.

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is located just upstream of the start codon on a strand of prokaryotic RNA. The sequence functions to bind the rRNA of the ribosome, recruiting it to the proper location to initial translation.

tRNA, or transfer RNA, contains two functional regions. One region is the anticodon—a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to the coding region of an mRNA molecule. The anticodon-codon sequences define the identity of the amino acid coded for by that particular region of the gene. The second functional region of tRNA is bound to the amino acid that corresponds to the particular anticodon-codon sequence. tRNA will transport this amino acid to a ribosome, bind to the codon on the mRNA, and release the amino acid for incorporation into the growing polypeptide.

Wild type is a term that refers to the most prevalent phenotype for a certain trait. Because red eye color seems to be the majority, it would be considered the wild type. The other colors (white, pink, and apricot) are likely due to slight genetic variations of the gene that codes for eye color.

The question states "based SOLELY on this information." The only information you have is that the round phenotype occurs naturally in the environment.

By definition, a wild type phenotype is something that occurs naturally in the environment (naturally in the "wild"). This observation makes statement III true.

By examining the given passage, we can also conclude that the yellow phenotype is dominant; however, this conclusion cannot be reached solely from the information provided in the question. The only conclusion you can make from this information is that the round phenotype is wild type. Also, remember that a wild type allele isn’t always dominant; there are recessive wild type alleles. For example, the wild type allele for Drosophila wings is recessive, whereas the mutant wrinkled wings are dominant.

Carriers are heterozygotes. In the case of recessive inheritance, a carrier will not know that they are carrying a single allele for the disease. In the Punnett Square, crossing two heterozygotes will result in 25% homozygous dominant and 50% heterozygous carriers, with 25% homozygous recessive who will have cystic fibrosis

There is a 25% chance that a child, regardless of sex, will have the disease. Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait, so female and male offsprings are affected equally. Two carriers that mate will have a 25% chance of having a child with the disease, 50% chance of having a child who is also a carrier, and 25% chance of having a child who is normal, meaning he/she has two normal alleles. This can be seen by drawing a Punnett square for two heterozygous parents.

First, we know that muscular dystrophy must be recessive, as the grandmother in the question is a carrier.

Below is the Punnett Square for the grandparents, where the mother is a carrier and father is unaffected. X represents an unaffected allele, while X' represents the allele for dystrophy. The probability their daughter is a carrier is 50%, and the probability she is unaffected is 50%.

If the daughter is a carrier, the Punnett square between her and an unaffected male (the father) would be identical to that of the grandparents. In this case, the chance of the son being affected is 50%.

If the daughter is not a carrier, then her son cannot be affected.

In order for the son to be affected, two events must take place: the daughter must be a carrier (50% chance), and the son must inherit the affected allele (50% chance).

There is a 25% chance that the son will be affected; thus, there is a 75% chance that he will be unaffected.

A test cross takes place when an unknown flower is crossed with a flower that is homozygous recessive for the trait. This is used to determine if the unknown flower is heterozygous or homozygous dominant. In this case, a flower recessive for the color trait will be white.

Crossing with a known homozygous recessive flower allows us to determine if the purple flower is homozygous dominant or heterozygous. If all offspring are purple, then the purple parent is homozygous dominant. If any white offspring are produced, then the purple parent must carry the white allele and be heterozygous.